Investiture Controversy Essay -- Church, Pope Gregory VII

The ruler Otto controlled the church service during his reign by making bishops and abbots royal princes and agents to him (425). The revival of the church however, began as the German empire weakened in the eleventh century (425). During this time, the Church declared its independence from the governments control by embracing a reform movement, The Cluny Reform Movement (425). The reform established at the Cluny monastary in France, aimed at freeing the church from secular political influence and control (425). The reformers were supported in their efforts by popular respect for the church as people admired clerics and monks (425). During this time, any man had the opportunity to become Pope the Pope was supposed to be elected by the people and clergy of Rome (425). The church also promised a better life to peoples whose current was relatively harsh (425). The reformers condemned the states contemporary mixing of religions and secular institutions as well as the clergys subservienc e to royal authority (425). They taught that the Pope alone commanded the clergy and they demanded separa...

Paideia, Prejudice and the Promise of the Practical Essay -- Philosoph

Paideia, Prejudice and the Promise of the PracticalIn an age of radical pluralism it is increasingly difficult to affirm and sustain the educational aspirations of Greek paideia (Latin humanitas). The most contend attacks on these aspirations come from standpoints which share a postmodern attitude of opposition towards inherited cultural ideals, especially those which claim universality. This paper first examines optimistic and demoralised prospects for the educational heritage of humanitas, concluding that, in the face of cultural disparateness which is increasingly evident in post-Enlightenment cultures, the pessimistic case seems to be more convincing. Recognizing that this gives added impulsion to postmodernist standpoints, the second section examines some key features of these, taking as its examples arguments of Lyotard, Foucault and Rorty. I show that the prejudices of the postmodernist arguments are as invidious as the sexist assumptions and the neglect of the quality of educational practice in the Western cultural inheritance. Recalling some insights which can be gleaned from the educational practices of Socrates, the last section joins these with findings of contemporary philosophers on the pre-judgements and partiality which are inescapable features of human understanding. This is a reclamation and elucidation of a practical and promising humanitas which does justice to the claims of diversity and universality. Introduction Hard measure for PaideiaTo many it may seem quaint or quixotic to make the ancient notion of paideia the theme of a world conference of philosophy in cultural circumstances which are variously described as post-industrial, post-Marxist, post-Christian, post-religious, or post-mod... ... in R. Hollinger (ed.) Hermeneutics and Praxis (Notre Dame University of Notre Dame, 1985).(16) Richard Rorty, Private Irony and Liberal Hope in his Contingency, irony, and solidarity (henceforth CIS) (Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 198 9).(17) Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (henceforth PMN) (Oxford Basil Blackwell, 1980) pp.357-365.(18) Hans-Georg Gadamer, Truth and Method (T&M) translation of Wahrheit und Methode (W&M) by G. Barden & J. Cumming (New York Seabury Press, 1975).(19) T&M, pp.10-11 W&M, pp.6-7.(20) PMN pp.358-359.(21) PMN p.351.(22) CIS, p.73.(23) CIS, pp.74-75.(24) Heraclitus, Fragment 45, quoted by Jaeger in Paideia, Bk.1, p.179.(25) These earlier Dialogues allow in Gorgias, Protagoras, Euthyphro, Apology, Crito and Bk.1 of Republic. (26) Plato, Apology, 23.(27) D&P, p.27.

Stereotypes and Stereotyping - Programmed and Labeled for Life Essay

Programmed and Labeled for Life Here it is, college, a new stroll down the pathway of life. This should be an opportunity to show more of which we are. College has been said to be a process of coming into our own. Its not like utmost school, there is less pressure of conformity, or is it too late? I believe that by high school graduation weve already conformed based on what others tell us in high school we have our futures already laid out. Picture a student go down the hallway necessitateing a full book-bag, a pencil graphic symbol in one hand, and a trumpet case in the other. What do you think of this teenager, besides the fact that hes a band student that likes pencils? To answer your question, the feeling towards this student has already been established. Shout-outs are already being called to him Loser, Geek, and Dork, just to name a few. Now imagine another student walking down that same hallway, this person is wearing a football jersey, has no back-pack on, but rather a single book under his arm and a pencil behind his ear. Shout- out are being called to him as well youre the man, and hey playa. After all these years of shout-outs and name-callings, over time we begin to believe those words. We carry these labels around with us, and by college we have already established what were told to be. Popularity is the foundation for most name-calling. The decipher for whether youre known as a loser or the man, depends on your popularity. Popularity is similar to the game of cards, the higher the card the more its worth. For a student with a low card, he or she might feel as if there is no way of winning. I interviewed a college student who spoke about her popularity in high school as a low card. I had a... ...e volume pleasers, believing thats their mission. Living in a college dorm, I see a lot of different people, and I guarantee that I can tell who was who in high school. After high school, the people called Dorks, Nerds, and Geeks all seem to be ov erachievers. Those labeled as being The brain in high school with no friends, have filled that description later on.. The name-calling and shout-outs in the hallways have also lowered these grindy students into believing theyre unsuitable to make friends. Those college students, who were part of the popular crowd in high school, are now underachievers. Those who were previously known as socially cool, feel as if thats all they should be. Whether you were part of the popular crowd, or part of the nerd crowd, your future has already been established since your driven by these labels you heard in high school.

History in Film :: Movie Film Movies History Essays

History in Film Introduction 1 Who owns history? When portraying a historical figure, specifically a female figure (of which there is a distinct lack due to either scarcity of existence or insufficiency of acknowledgment in society), film has a responsibility to accurately arrange the historical figure whose reputation is at s impress. As a medium relating past to present, film possesses the incredible capacity to take ownership of history the theatre director holds the key to making history real or reel. Film has the power to exalt or distort historical figures to tot up the mold of present day ideals. Maria Luisa Bemberg, director of Yo, la Peor de Todas (I, the Worst of All), embraces history and film in an attempt to bring enlightenment to the public. However, this movie has yet to infiltrate mainstream western culture in the United States or abroad. In contrast, Luc Besson, director of The Messenger The Story of Joan of Arc, manipulates the story of Joan of Arc to fi t the demands of a culture that feeds on action-packed, blood-gushing movies. We will take a look at both these directors, the films, how the films present their characters, what manipulation in film does to influence peoples idea of the historical figures, and how the movies are created to fit present-day ideals. History of Directors and Film Intro 2 Herself involved in a field not known for women of her time, Argentinean director Maria Luisa Bemberg tackles the biography of Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, a narrative much like her own. Growing up during the 1920s in upper-class Buenos Aires, Bemberg never acquired a high school or college diploma but received an informal education under the guidance of a governess. Surviving in an age in which men still held the preponderating hand, Bemberg lived out the first three decades of her adult life a married woman raising four children and suppressing a lifelong dream of delving into film. But at the age of 56, after going through a div orce and becoming a grandmother, Bemberg caves in to the curse of an inquiring mind and creates films that document women that are vertical, autonomous, independent, thoughtful, intrepid (Bemberg as quoted in Bach). After having her lifes path determined for her by her controlling father and after being stifled by her one-time(a) brothers, Bemberg is able to relate to Sor Juanas struggle to find an open forum for her voice to be heard.

Emily Grierson’s Need For Control in Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily Essays

Faulkners A roseate for Emily, illustrates the evolution of a small, post-Civil War community, as the new generation of inhabitants replaces the pre-Civil War ideals with more modern ideas. At the warmheartedness of the town is Emily Grierson, the only remaining remnant of the upper class Grierson family, a Southern gentlewoman unable to understand how much the world has changed around her. (Kazin, 2). This stress will focus on Emily Grierson and her attempts to control change after her fathers death. Emilys need to control change is first evidenced through and through her relationship with her father. Their bond, based on a high-class aristocratic ideal system, lasted until the death of her father. A mental image of Mr. Griersons relationship with Emily is painted by the narrator, who speaks for his community (Rodman, 3), as Miss Emilyin the background, her fatherin the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung fr ont door. Mr. Griersons position amid Emily and the area outside the house prevents anyone from entering the house or leaving the house. Bullwhip in hand, Emilys father fends off any would-be husbands because, as Dennis W. Allen states, no suitor is good enough for Mrs. Emily (689). Allen goes on to say that Mr. Grierson stands between his daughter and the outside world. Emilys romantic involvements are limited to an incestuous mend on her father. (689). This incestuous relationship, though not implicitly stated, is highly probable since the only male that she loves is her father. This special bond reveals itself after the death of Emilys father. jibe to the speaker, When her father died, it got about that the house was all that ... ...s A Rose for Emily. Modern fable Studies 30 (Winter 1984) 685-96. Birk, John F. Tryst beyond Time Faulkners Emily and Keats. Studies in Short Fiction 28.2 (Spring 1991) 203-13. Blythe, Hal. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 47.2 (Winte r 1989) 26-30. Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature for Composition. 4th ed. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York HarperCollins, 1996.Kazin, Alfred. Bright Book of Life. Boston Little Brown Company, 1973.Kobler, J. F. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 32 (1974) 65. Muller, Gil. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 33 (1975) 79. Rodman, Isaac. Irony and Isolation Narrative Distance in Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Faulkner Journal 8.2 (Spring 1993) 3-12. Schwab, Milinda. A Watch for Emily. Studies in Short Fiction 28.2 (Spring 1991) 215-17.

Emily Grierson’s Need For Control in Faulkner’s A Rose for Emily Essays

Faulkners A Rose for Emily, illustrates the evolution of a small, post-Civil War community, as the new generation of inhabitants replaces the pre-Civil War ideals with more modern ideas. At the center of the town is Emily Grierson, the only remaining remnant of the upper class Grierson family, a Southern bird unable to understand how much the area has changed around her. (Kazin, 2). This essay will focus on Emily Grierson and her attempts to control change after her fathers death. Emilys need to control change is first evidenced through her relationship with her father. Their bond, based on a high-class aristocratic ideal system, lasted until the death of her father. A mental image of Mr. Griersons relationship with Emily is painted by the narrator, who speaks for his community (Rodman, 3), as Miss Emilyin the background, her fatherin the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the both of them framed by the back-flung front door. Mr. Griersons positi on between Emily and the area outside the house prevents anyone from entering the house or leaving the house. Bullwhip in hand, Emilys father fends off any would-be husbands because, as Dennis W. Allen states, no suitor is good enough for Mrs. Emily (689). Allen goes on to say that Mr. Grierson stands between his daughter and the outside world. Emilys romantic involvements are limited to an incestuous fixation on her father. (689). This incestuous relationship, though not implicitly stated, is highly probable since the only phallic that she loves is her father. This special bond reveals itself after the death of Emilys father. According to the speaker, When her father died, it got about that the house was all that ... ...s A Rose for Emily. Modern Fiction Studies 30 (Winter 1984) 685-96. Birk, whoremonger F. Tryst beyond Time Faulkners Emily and Keats. Studies in Short Fiction 28.2 (Spring 1991) 203-13. Blythe, Hal. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 47.2 (Winter 1989) 26-30. Faulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. Literature for Composition. 4th ed. Ed. Sylvan Barnet, et al. New York HarperCollins, 1996.Kazin, Alfred. Bright rule book of Life. Boston Little Brown Company, 1973.Kobler, J. F. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 32 (1974) 65. Muller, Gil. Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Explicator 33 (1975) 79. Rodman, Isaac. Irony and Isolation Narrative Distance in Faulkners A Rose for Emily. Faulkner Journal 8.2 (Spring 1993) 3-12. Schwab, Milinda. A Watch for Emily. Studies in Short Fiction 28.2 (Spring 1991) 215-17.

Are Zoos Unethical to Animals Essay

Recently, contentious debates shake off risen over the ethical dilemma that zoos pose regarding animals rights, granting immunitys and innate behavior. Many people consider zoos amoral and cruel while others have the notion that they are ethical because they help in research, conservation and proper treatment of wild animals. This sensitive topic has induced different reactions and sparked great debates as people strive to do the right thing. According to Tuyl (2008), Zoos are enwrap spaces and cages that abode animals. Hutchins and Keele (2006), argue that, zoos provide excellent conditions for wild animals, as they are change state from their natural habitats, which are fierce and unforgiving. They argue that wild animals are better placed in the zoos because they are provided with free meals and a life that is free from parasites, and harsh weather and predators.However, there are various reasons that explain why zoos are unethical. This paper explains why zoos are unethica l to animals. To confine wild animals in enclosed spaces, denies them emancipation and the ability to develop their natural behaviors. In addition, zoos promote the transmission of zoonotic diseases (Tuyl, 2008). Therefore, concerning animal rights and freedoms, zoos are highly unethical and should be banned to vest wild animals with an opportunity to lead lives free from human interferences. It is amoral to keep animals in the zoos because they act as cages that retract the wild animals freedom. Various animal rights organizations advocate for the freedom of animals, a condition that is only attainable when they are in their natural habitats. Zoos act as prisons because of their small sizes and restraining the ability as compared to wild jungles, therefore, denying wild animals their freedom to roam and act naturally.It is unethical to keep wild animals locked up in a cage, especially in this era when people have realized that all(prenominal) living being should be allowed to hav e its freedom. All living beings are entitled to their rights. Wild animals have liberty to live in the jungles because thatis their natural habitat, which is a fundamental right. To take animals away from their usual environment and confine them in cages and enclosed spaces provided by the zoos is a complete violation of animal rights. This denies wild animals the regain to act naturally and engage in the relationships that nature intended for them. Wild animals are unable to lead quality lives when they are taken to the zoos (Jensen & Holmes, 2007). They infringe on animal rights due to restrictions, therefore, causing some wild animals such as elephants to develop depression because of detachment from their herds (Hutchins & Keele, 2006). Human beings should allow wild animals to live in their natural habitats, in the same manner that no individual would love to be transferred from the comfort of their home and re-located into the jungle.People claiming that it is just to keep w ild animals in the zoo have the notion that this action is purposeful for research and the conservation of endangered species. However, appropriate actions can be taken in the wild animals natural habitats, therefore, leading to better results. It is unethical for human beings to interfere with the lives of wild animals for research. It is inappropriate to transfer a wild animal from its habitat to study it. The results would be reorient because the animals natural behaviors would change with the changing environment. Human interference is also leading to the cause of animal extinction (Tuyl, 2008).Therefore, the appropriate and ethical action to take in the interest of extinction and research is to reduce human interference to obtain the best results regarding both issues. In conclusion, it is not ethical to keep wild animals in a zoo. As indicated in the paper, zoos interfere with the wild animals freedoms, rights and the ability to live naturally. Some people argue that zoos are helpful in animal conservation regarding endangered species, but it is also crucial to consider the main problem, which is human interference (Jensen & Holmes, 2007). Zoos are unethical to animals.ReferencesHutchins, M., & Keele, M. (2006). Elephant importation from range countries ethical and practical considerations for current zoos. Zoo Biology, 25(3), 219-233. Jensen, D., & Holmes, K. (2007). Thought to exist in the wild awakening from the nightmare of zoos. Santa Cruz, CA No Voice Unheard. Tuyl, C. (2008). Zoos and animal welfare. Detroit Greenhaven Press.

Technology and Civilization: Course Description

Key themes that will be surveyed in this course overwhelm a) technology, culture, race and gender, b) religion and technology, c) the relationship between science and technology, d) the management of technology, and e) how users shape new technologies. Further Information about(predicate) natural science courses can be found at www. Ants. York. Ca. Class Format The class is scheduled to meet on Tuesdays and Thursdays from 4-5pm. Classes will begin with a lecture followed by a treatment period of class readings.You will then be asked to fill out Works Attending Physicians Statement and submit it before you be allowed to write the exam at an alternate date and time. Depending on your situation, you may also be asked to fill out a Deferred Standing Form as well. Further information about missed exams and the required forms can be found at www. Registrar. York. Ca/exams/deferred/ If you miss an exam for a non-medical emergency, please contact your course director via e-mail within 48 hours and outline your situation. If your explanation is accepted, you will be asked to provide further documentation.After examining your documentation, the course director will decide whether to grant or pass up you permission to write your exam. Students with physical, learning or psychiatric disabilities who require reasonable accommodations in teaching style or evaluation methods should discuss this with the Course director early in the term so that appropriate arrangements can be made. Course Website The course website is http//model. York. Ca Once you go this website, you must enter in your Passport York User ID and Password n order to access courses.The course is listed under the Faculty of Science. Will be posted on the course website. Although these notes are extensive, it is still imperative that you come to class. This is because our in-class lectures will highlight what material is most important to know. This will allow you to focus your attention on what you really bring to know to do well on exams. Also, dont forget that attendance is worth 8% of your mark. is a student-run academic support service designed to help York University undergraduate students excel in their Natural Science courses.Their team of dedicated tutors will clarify course material and offer general guidance on assignments, enable you to complete them independently with a higher degree of success.

Caterpillar Management Structure

computerized axial tomography Management Structure computerized tomography is a corporate governance structure where the Chairman of the board acts as the CEO. The Board of Directors is a group of independent non-employee directors that are chosen from outside of the company. Many of the group presidents report to the CEO, which makes the vice-presidents report to each group president. The Board consists of 14 directors and is divided into ternion classes for the benefit of election. The Board has four committees which are Audit, Compensation, Governance, and Public Policy.The Board adopted Guidelines on Corporate Governance Issues and that reflect the Boards commitment to contend the policy functioning as well as all decision-making. These guidelines are for both the board and management level, with a view to enhancing stockholder value for the eagle-eyed term benefit. The average age of the Board of Directors is currently sixty three. Caterpillar uses change management and 6 S igma which is used to both prioritize and guide the betterment of health and safety performance.Caterpillar established procedures to encourage facilities to improve employee safety by utilizing the Vision Zero program. Each preparedness conducts annual reviews of its safety programs and reports these results to the facility manager. Facility management is responsible for the establishment of objectives, goals, metrics, and targets for the facilitys safety process and providing resources and authority to facility staff. Managers and employees are to use the SMART goals that are identified, tracked, and rewarded at each facility.All front-line leaders discuss safety with employees on a daily basis and all supervisors hold formal weekly safety meetings. The manner of all employees is governed by a Code of Worldwide Business Conduct whereas management employees are retested on this encrypt annually. Caterpillars code of ethics is called Our Values in Action. Integrity, Excellence, Commitment and Teamwork are the core values identified in the code and are the foundation for Caterpillars corporate strategy. The code applies to all members of the board and to management and employees worldwide.It documents the high ethical standards that Caterpillar has upheld since its formation in 1925. The values of Caterpillar are centralized throughout the entire organization. Caterpillars hiring practice is knowing to assess the skills and talents of all applicants to compare to the jobs they have available. There are four phases to the hiring process, which are Completion of an application and forms, testing, invitation for an interview, and job offer. Caterpillars compensation package represents their employees contributions to the success of the company and the investment in their financial security.They have a highly competitive salary structure which is designed to attract, retain and motivate the valuable employees whose contributions help the company succeed year after year. There are two primary components which define Caterpillars compensation philosophy Pay for Performance and Pay at Risk. As and employees responsibility increases, so does the proportional amount of at risk pay. In addition to the base salary, Caterpillar offers incentive plans and gain-sharing plans that give employees the opportunity to impact their compensation for achieving targeted corporate and business unit results.

Individual Gathering and Evaluating Information Essay

List the APA reference citation for the bloodline.Determine the credibility of the source. Consider the following criteriaWhat is the purpose and affiliation of the presidency or author related to the article?What are the authors credentials?Is the information current? When was the information last updated?Does the information cross-reference with other(a) sources?Does the source contain bias without evidence to support the claim?Explain in at least two to four sentences what information you can join forces from this source.Source (formatted consistent with APA guidelines)What makes the source credible or noncredible? What information can you gather from this source? Curfman, G. D., Morrissey, S., & Drazen, J. M. (2013). assentient action in the balance. The New England Journal of Medicine, 368(1), 73-4. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1266235513?accountid=458What tinge the outcome may play on school admissions.Hu, H. (2012). Debate over affirmative action in c ollege admissions continues. Diverse jazzs in Higher Education, 29(19), 8. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com/docview/1117362730?accountid=458This article has been confederate reviewed for credibility.Another perspective of Fisher vs. University of Texas. The role NACAC plays in admissions to schools. Julia S. Jordan-Zachery, Richard Seltzer, Responses to affirmative action Is there a question order affect?, The Social Science Journal, Volume 49, Issue 2, June 2012, Pages 119-126, ISSN 0362-3319, http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.08.012. (http//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0362331911001169)This article has been peer reviewed for credibility.This source will be used to show the publics response of Affirmative Action, and its varying degrees. This source also has great experimental results that can be incorporated. Fullinwider, Robert, Affirmative Action, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http//plato.stanfo rd.edu/archives/win2011/entries/affirmative-action/This source is from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.This source will be utilized for various information since it covers many topics. This source will also be used to explain the beginning of affirmative action. American Association for Affirmative Action. (2013, July). American Association for Affirmative Action. Retrieved from American Association for Affirmative Action www.affirmativeaction.orgThe American Association for Affirmative Action is the association of professionals managing affirmative action, equal opportunity, smorgasbord and other human resource programs.This source will be used to explain AAAA and its role in Affirmative Action. Illustrate any current legislative causal agencys that may be happening.What strategies did you use to gather reliable information for your research paper?Affirmative action has many policies about race, color, religion, and/or sex. In mall affirmative action is equal opportunity , not only in a work environment but also admissions. Looking at search results gave flair to sub topics. In order to write a streamlined paper a subtopic will be the focus of this paper. The subtopic will contract to be applicable and current. When having a relevant and current topic, there must me multiple credible sources to back up the information on that topic. Searching through the University of Phoenix library yielded many positive results on the topic of Fisher vs. the University of Texas. This outcome of this case could change the course of affirmative action when it comes to admission into school. This is a historical case of todays time, similar to many landmark cases from the civil rights movements of the 1960s. The sources that are to be used will be from peer reviewed articles or websites that are the pronouncement on this topic.What other strategies might you use? Provide a rationale for your choices.Other strategies that will be used through this paper will int romit a devils advocate approach. When talking about affirmative action there are two groups, those in favor and those against. The goal of this strain is to explain the reasons behind both groups arguments and allow the reader to make their own decision. All information will be relevant data. The question that will need to be answered is affirmative action still needed today? By illustrating both viewpoints the reader should have enough base information to research more. erst they have research more on their own they will be able to formulate an answer. This essay will give the reader a decease of materials to research, and may have those asking questions never before thought of. The word count associated with this essay does not allow the author to get too out-of-the-way(prenominal) into detail on such a vast topic.

Blood Promise Chapter Fourteen

The encounter with Denis leave me even more confused than onwards. It was a shocking illustration of Marks warning, an omen of what I too might buzz off if I wasnt careful. I wasnt re solelyy the same as Denis, was I? I wasnt aimlessly decideking danger. I was seeking danger well, for a reason. I had to kick the bucket the c on the whole up Id do to find Dimitri. Maybe it was suicidal and I was only deluding myself into thinking it was noble.Viktoria left me little opportunity to ruminate. Later that evening, as the family was settling crop up in the living room later way too much food, she glibly asked Olena, Can I go over to Marinas? Shes having a party before we go hold up to school.Wow. It discovered like Abe and the Alchemists werent the only unmatchables keeping privates around here. I glanced between Olena and Viktorias faces, curious as to how this would play out. Olena and Yeva were both knitting, only if Yeva didnt whole t wiz up. Viktoria had communicate i n English. Olenas face turned beliefful.You ease up to leave early tomorrow to go back to school.I have a go at it. only when I can sleep on the bus. Everyone else volition be there tonight.?Everyone else isnt a convincing argument, scoffed Olena.Theyll all be tired tomorrow too, replied Viktoria, grinning.Youll miss your last night with Rose.Ill hang out with her after I take on back.Great. And stay up even later.Not that late. Ill be back by both.Absolutely not. Youll be back by midnight. Olena returned to her knitting. But that had been permit if Id ever heard it.Viktoria looked at the clock. It was al just more or less eight thirty. Her face told me she wasnt happy about the curfew, but she apparently decided to take what she could get. Karolina gave us an odd look as we left the room but remained silent. Sonya and Paul, engrossed in TV, exactly noticed our departure. I had to find out what was sacking on.Okay, I said erst we were heading upstairs, what gives? I tho ught you werent handout to Marinas.Viktoria grinned and beckoned me into her bedroom. Id recently learned her bedroom used to be Dimitris, and every time I was in here, I had to put out the urge to go bury myself in the bed, even though I knew the sheets had been washed countless times since those days. Somehow, I could imagine them smelling like Dimitri and cutaneous senses warm as though we were both lying there together.Im not. Viktoria began rifling through her closet and pulled out a short, sleeveless red prink with spike around the straps. The fabric was stretchy -the kind that looked like itd show everything. I was shocked when she began putting it on. It was pretty trashy.Is this a joke?Nope. Viktoria took off her shirt and jeans and pulled the sever on. She had no trouble with it, but it was every bit as clingy as it had appeared. She wasnt as filled out as I was on top, but in a dress like that, it didnt matter.Okay, I said, catching on at last. Whats his name?Rolan, she said. Oh, Rose. Hes amazing. And this is the last night Ill get to see him before school.I didnt know whether to feel happy for her or sad for Nikolai. This Rolan quat must have been the reason she couldnt give Nikolai the time of day.She was totally in love with someone else. Still, that dressYou must really like him, I observed dryly.Her eyes widened. Do you wishing to fall in him?Er, well, I dont want to interfere with your dateYou wont. Just close up by and say hi, okay?It felt pretty intrusive, yet at the same time well, I was kind of curious about a guy who could get her to leave the house in that kind of outfit, particularly when she started applying really heavy bring inup extra-dark eyeliner and bright red lipstick. So I agreed to meet Rolan, and we left the house as quietly as we could. Despite wearing a coat over her dress, Viktoria tranquil didnt want to run into her m some other.We headed d professtown, following a few twists and turns until we ended up priv y what looked like an ordinary warehouse in an abandoned part of town. All was quiet, but a tall, tough-looking dhampir stood by a door leading into the building, his arms crossed in front of him. Viktoria brought us to a halt nearby, saying we had to wait there. A minute later, a mathematical group of Moroi men of mixed ages wandered up, chatting and laughing. The dhampir gave them a once-over and then opened the door for them. Light and music spilled out until the door shut-and all went silent once more.So this is Baias secret dhampir world, I murmured. She didnt hear me because suddenly, her face lit up.There he isShe pointed to two approaching guys. Both were Moroi. Well, who knew? Viktorias secret boyfriend wasnt a dhampir. I guessed that wasnt too shocking, really, though the way shed dressed tonight still bothered me. She gave him a fierce hug and introduced us. His friend was named Sergey, and he smiled politely before hurrying inside where he was apparently meeting a girl too.I had to give Viktoria credit Rolan was hot. His hair was dark auburn, soft and wavy. The green of his eyes reminded me-painfully-of Adrians.And when he smiled at Viktoria, it was dazzling. The look on her face was hardly like Nikolais whenever he was around her.Rolan took a hold of Viktorias hands and brought them to his lips, bussing each one. Those green, green eyes gazed at hers, and he murmured something I couldnt hear. She blushed and replied in Russian. I didnt need any translation to know the content was sexy and flirty. Still smiling, he glanced over at me, and although shed introduced us, it was like he was noticing me for the first time-and was interested.Youre new here, arent you? he asked.Viktoria wrapped her arms around him and rested her head on his chest. Rose is visiting. Shes a friend of the family.Ah, he said. Now I remember hearing about you. I had no idea such a fierce Strigoi killer would be so beautiful.Its part of the job description, I said dryly.Will y ou be returning to school with Viktoria? he asked.No. Ill be staying here a little longer. I still had no clue, though, if a little longer was one hour or one year.Hmm, he said thoughtfully. He looked back down at Viktoria and pressed a kiss to her hair, running his fingers along her throat. His next lecture were to her. Im glad you were able to come here before you left. I dont know how Ill get by with you so farthest away.She beamed. There was no way I could leave without seeing you one more time She trailed off, too overcome with emotion, and as he leaned down, hand still on her throat, I thought for an awful moment that they were passing to start making out then and there.Fortunately, the appearance of an approaching dhampir girl interrupted them. Viktoria bust from Rolan and embraced the other girl. They apparently hadnt seen each other in a plot of ground and chatted rapidly in Russian, ignoring Rolan and me. Free of her for a moment, he leaned toward me.Once Viktoria has returned to school, youll be all alone here. Maybe I could show you around then?Thanks, but Ive already seen everything.He kept that big smile on. Of course. Well, then, perhaps we could simply get together and talk?I couldnt believe it. This guy had had his hands all over Viktoria thirty seconds ago and was now trying to score plans with me the instant she left town. I was disgusted and had to restrain myself from doing something stupid.Sorry, but I dont think Ill be around long enough.I got the impression that women didnt refuse him very often. He frowned and started to protest, but Viktoria returned and wrapped herself around him again. He examine me for several more puzzled seconds and then shifted his attention to her, smiling and turning on the charm. She ate it all up, and while the two tried to include me in their conversation, it was clear they were totally absorbed in each other. Rolan might be interested in me, but for now, she was an easier target-and one that wouldnt be available much longer. I felt that disgust roil up in me again. The longer we stood out there, the more I realized what was overtaking on. All the people going inside were Moroi guys or dhampir girls. And the girls were all dressed like Viktoria. This was a blood whore den. Suddenly, Baias secret dhampir world held no appeal.I hated it. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here. No, wait. I wanted nothing more than to get out of here and dishevel Viktoria away, even kicking and screaming. Rolan was sleazy, no question, and I didnt want her anywhere near him. Yet it soon became clear they werent going to stand out in the pathway all night. They wanted to go inside and do God only knew what.Viktoria, I said, trying to be reasonable, are you sure you dont want to come back home and hang out? I mean, I wont get to see you tomorrow.She hesitated, then shook her head. I wont get to see Rolan either. But I promise Ill come see you as soon as I get home later. Well stay up all nig ht. Mom wont care.I didnt know what other protests to bring on. Rolans impatience, now that Id refused him, was starting to show. He wanted to go inside. I wondered what was there a dance floor? Bedrooms? I probably could have gone with them to see for myself, despite being underdressed-or, well, overdressed as far as amounts of clothing went. Yet I couldnt bring myself to do it. All my life, Id been taught about blood whores and why their lifestyle was wrong. I didnt know if Viktoria was becoming one-and I hoped she wasnt-but there was no way I could set foot in there. It was a matter of principle.I watched them go with a heavy heart, wondering what Id just let my friend walk into. Seeing her in that ultra-tight dress, plastered all over him, suddenly made me reevaluate everything. How much of this peaceful life in Baia was a sham? Was Viktoria-the girl whod called me a sister really not the person I thought she was? Confused, I turned away to head back home-And almost walked into Abe. Again.What the hell? I exclaimed. He wore a tuxedo tonight, complete with tails and a silvery silk scarf. argon you stalking me? Stupid question. Of course he was. I hoped his formal wear meant he wouldnt be dragging me off this evening. His guardians were equally well dressed. Idly, I wondered if a place like this had something to do with his illegal business dealings. Was he trafficking blood whores? interchangeable some kind of pimp?Unlikely, seeing as most of these girls didnt require much urging.Abe gave me that annoying knowing smile of his. I see your friend is off to an interesting night. I had no idea Viktoria had such beautiful legs. Now everyone knows, thanks to that dress.I clenched my fists and leaned toward him. Dont you dare talk about her like that, old man.Im not saying anything that isnt apparent to everybody else. Itll certainly be obvious to young Rolan soon.You dont know anything about them Yet I didnt believe my own words, not after seeing them walk o ff together. Abe, I could tell, knew what I was thinking.These girls all say it wont happen to them. But it always does. Its whatll happen to you if you stay.Oh, here we are, I said mockingly. I knew a threat had to be coming. The part where you order me again to leave the country or else bad, bad things will happen.He gestured toward the door, where more Moroi and dhampirs were going. I dont even need to make anything bad happen. Youll do it on your own by staying here. Youll waste your life away, running errands for Olena Belikova. Potlucks will become the most exciting thing in your world.Theyre good people, I growled. Dont mock them.Oh, Im not denying that. He straightened his silk scarf. They are good people. But they arent your people. This is a fantasy. Youre deluding yourself. He was all sternness now. Your grief has sent you here. Your man was ripped away from you, and youve ripped yourself away from your old friends. Youre trying to make up for it by convincing yourself th at this is your family, that this is your home. Theyre not. This isnt.I could make this my home. I still wasnt sure of that, but my stubborn nature made me want to contradict him.You arent meant for Baia, he said, dark eyes blazing. Youre meant for better things. You need to go back home, back to your school and the Dragomir princess.How the hell do you know about her? Who are you? When are you going to tell me who you work for? What do you want with me? I had a feeling I was on the verge of hysterics. Hearing him refer to Lissa snapped something inside of me.Im merely an perceiver who can tell youre wasting your time here. This is no life for you, Rose. Your life is back in the States. They say you were on track to be a majuscule guardian. Do you know what an honor it is to be assigned to the last Dragomir? You could spend your life in elite, powerful circles. The reputation youve already gained will raise you in status and regard. You have a stunning career ahead of you, and its not too late to go back to it. Not yet.Who are you to talk about how I should live my life? Ive heard that your hands are bloody-Zmey. Youre not exactly a good role model. What is it youre involved in, anyway?My own affairs. And its exactly because of the life I lead that you should listen to me when I say abandon this path and go back home.His words were urgent and authoritative, and I couldnt believe he had the audacity to talk to me like that. Thats not my life anymore, I said icily.He gave a harsh laugh and gestured around us once more. What, and this is? You want to go off and be a blood whore like your friend in there?Dont call her that I shouted. I dont care if youve got bodyguards or not. I will hurt you, old man, if you say anything else about Viktoria.He didnt flinch at my explosion. That was harsh, I admit. Shes not a blood whore. Not yet. But shes one step away from it. As I said, it always happens in the end. Even if you arent used by someone like Rolan Kislyak-and beli eve me, he will use her, just like he did her sister-youll still end up alone with a plunder youre way too young for.Her wait. I froze. Are you saying hes the guy who got Sonya pregnant? Why would Viktoria be involved with him after he did that and left her sister?Because she doesnt know. Sonya doesnt talk about it, and Mr. Kislyak thinks its a game, getting two sisters into bed. Too bad for him that Karolinas smarter than the others or he could have had them all. Who knows? He gave me a sardonic smile. Maybe hell consider you part of the family enough to go after you next.Like hell. Id never get involved with anyone like that. Im never going to be involved with anyone again. Not after Dimitri.Abes sternness gave way to momentary amusement. Oh, Rose. You are young. Youve barely lived. Everyone thinks their first love is the only one theyll ever have.This guy was really pissing me off, but I gained enough control to decide I wasnt going to punch him. At to the lowest degree, I didn t think so. I backed up a little, toward the building. Im not going to play your game here. And you can tell whoever youre work for that Im not playing theirs either and that Im not going back. One way or another, whether it was to hunt Dimitri or live with his family, I was staying in Russia. Youre going to have to box me up and ship me there.Not that I wanted to give Abe any ideas. I suspected he could do it if he wanted. Damn it. Who was behind this? Who would want to find me badly enough to send this guy after me? Weirder still, whoever it was was someone who cared enough about me to attempt reason. If Abe had actually wanted to abduct me, he already would have. He could have done it the night he brought me to Baia. All he would have had to do was keep driving to the nearest airport. I last needed to figure this out, but first I needed to get away from Abe.I backed up further. Im leaving, and you cant stop me. And dont spy on me anymore. This ends now.Abe studied me for severa l seconds, his dark eyes narrowed thoughtfully. I could practically see the wheels of plots and world domination spinning in his head. At last he said, so quietly I could hardly hear him, It wont end with them, though.Who?He pointed at the door. Viktoria and Rolan.What are you getting at?You know what Im getting at. She thinks shes in love with him. He knows shell be back in school tomorrow. Tonights his last chance with her, and he wont waste it. There are lots of bedrooms in there. Theyre probably in one right now.I tried to control my breathing. Then Ill go tell her mother.Itll be too late. Shed never find them in time, and tomorrow, Viktoria will be on her way to school-and hell have no interest anymore. What can her mother do after the fact? Ground her?I was getting angry, largely because I had a feeling he was right. Fine. Then Ill drag her off myself.Thatll never happen. She wants to do this. She wont leave with you. Even if she did, shed just find him again.I eyed him. Enoug h. Youre obviously hinting at something, so just get on with it.He smiled, apparently pleased at my astuteness-or maybe my bluntness. If you want to save her, youve got to go through him. Through Rolan.I scoffed. Not likely. The only way hed leave her alone is if I offered to take her place. And hey, friendship only went so far.Not if I talk to him.What are you going to do, give him a talk on morality and sway him with reason?Oh, Ill sway him, all right. But believe me, I wont do it with reason-well, at least not the kind youre thinking of. If I tell him to leave her alone, hell leave her alone. For good.I stepped backward without realizing it and hit the wall. Abe looked scary as hell. Zmey. I didnt doubt his words at all. He could get Rolan to leave Viktoria alone. In fact, he probably wouldnt even use his dhampirs. Abe could deliver enough terror-and probably a good punch-to make it happen.Why would you do that for me? I asked.As a sign of good faith. Promise to leave Baia, and I ll deal with him. His eyes gleamed. Both of us could feel the lowest closing around me.Thats your tactic now? Youre offering me a trade? My leaving isnt really worth you scaring some Moroi asshole.The net grew tighter. Isnt it, Rose?Frantically, I thought about what to do. Some part of me thought Viktoria was free to make her own choices, to love whom she wanted but I knew for a fact that Rolan didnt love her. She was a conquest for him, as shown by his willingness to go after me-and Sonya, apparently. What would happen to Viktoria? Would she become like the rest of the women here? Would she be the next Belikov to have a baby? Even if she had no intentions of becoming a guardian, this wasnt the right path for her. Karolina had declined to join the guardians and now lived a respectable life with her kids and a job that-if not exciting-was unconstipated and allowed her to keep her dignity. I couldnt let Viktoria turn down a road that could ruin the rest of her life. I couldnt let th at happen to Dimitris sister.DimitriI knew him. I knew his protective nature. He would never let anything happen to those he cared about. I hated the thought of that blood whore den, but I still would have run in to get her-because that was what Dimitri would have done. But I didnt know if Id find her there in time. I knew, however, that Abe could-and that he could keep Rolan away forever. And so, I rundle without fully understanding the consequences of my words.Ill leave Baia.

The Theme of Death in Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems

The Fall of the dramatics of usher is presented through the fabricators lens as he helps out a friend whose whole life has been permeated with wipeout. Lastly, The barrel of Amontillado is a story of death with a motive. The leading char symboliseer commits the murder of a prideful man who is hooked to the pleasure of drinking wine. The Fall of the House of door guard is a story that revolves around the terror and death of both red-brick and his sister, Madeline Usher.As Redbrick Usher becomes cordially unstable and falls into a enjoin of depression, he sends a letter to his long lost friend, asking him to come for a stay. The mood of the story is full of unrelieved gloom as Redbrick Usher undergoes a struggle between the pass on to live and the will to die. Usher has no will to live and tells the narrator/his friend l shall perish, I must perish in this deplorable folly (Poe 5). This suggests his fixation on the horror of death, as Usher fears not death, Itself, or the end o f life, unless alternatively death while still oppressed by his phantasmagoria fears (Goodwin 174). Sheer . Dreads the events of the future, not in themselves, but in their results he continues to say, l feel that he dot will arrive when I must abandon life and reason together in some struggle with the grim phantasm, FEAR (Poe 5). Usher is overwhelmed by the despair and darkness of death he is convinced of the inevitability of his fast approaching death. He has such a morbid attitude, as things that would normally arrest early(a)s happiness do not please him.The narrator, says early on that ushers mental condition displayed Itself In a host of unnatural sensations he then goes on to add that he suffered much from a morbid acuteness of the senses the most insipid food was lone endurable he could wear only garments of accepted texture the doors of all flowers were oppressive his eyes were tortured by even a faint light and there were but peculiar sounds, and these from stringed instruments, which did not inspire him with horror (Poe 3).Because Usher is surrounded by a characteristically gothic environment, Isolated and depressing, this contributes to his fascination and coercion with death. Throughout the story, ushers friend tries to keep his distance from this solicitude and misery, but he cannot seem to break away since he is staying in the dull and gloomy house. Gradually, Ushers troubled mental condition worsens and he becomes so hysterical that he is not accurately perceiving his surroundings. He seems almost ghost- bid because he is removed so much from life and reality he Is unstable and his mind Is warp by his morbid attitudes and disposition.Redbrick Usher shows readers a portrait of a man whose morbid fascinations ultimately prompt dangerous and self-destructive actions. As Ushers sister decays, he realizes he will be the endure Usher. While many might despair in facing this reality, Usher takes pride in being the last of his family and g lossaries his death. Usher says that her decease would leave him the last of the ancient race of the Ushers- which explains the worsening of his mental condition because he will have no family left and will feel more lonely and isolated (Poe 5).Because Usher tends to exacerbate things that are not as bad as they are, he becomes so wrapped up in death that he responds to a death that has not happened yet. The fact that Usher entombs his cause sister alive and is not immediately aware of it, confirms his obsession with the gloom of death. Usher is either preparing for, worrying about, or becoming excited with death- his orbit fascinations are so disturbing. (Walker 586). Redbricks friend attempts to try to preserve himself from the doom of Usher, but finds it hard to not become trapped in this terror. The Fall of the House of Usher concerns the total disintegration of Redbrick Usher as he volitionally enters into a gloomy world by remaining in such a miserable environment. Usher exp eriences a mental disorder that oppresses him, leaves him deranged, and causes his frequent moods of emotional hilarity (Walker 590). Redbrick is not killed by his sister, but is literally terrified to death by his environment and his distorted imagination. He is beyond saving, as the narrator quickly discovers.He collapses into the melancholy which ultimately causes his destruction. William Wilson is a challenging read. In this work Poe confronts death, but not in the literal sense, as in some of his early(a) works. William Wilson is a story where a self-willed, intelligent, and bold man comes across another man who seems to embody the exact form of himself. Through this short story, the audience questions whether the other William Wilson is only a conscience and does not tangibly exist, or whether he is a real human that knows too much.William Willows follower has a disposition miscellaneous to Wilson- he is quiet, has no flaws, and only communicates through whispers, and unlik e the other boys at the school he is not charmed by William Willows intelligence and wealth. Although Wilson is scared of and threaten by his follower (because of his omnipresence and unlimited knowledge), he is also awed and fascinated by him. Death in William Wilson is not necessarily literal rather, it takes commit throughout the entire story.Willows doppelgnger is constantly trying to kill the side of William Wilson that has no concern for anyone else- the boastful and elfish side. William Wilson is, in a way, killing off his give goodness by refusing to listen to the wisdom of his doppelgnger by the end of the story, Wilson is beyond salvation and has become dead to others around him. Many readers and critics question the true man of the doppelgnger due to the fact that his mockery and sarcastic comments are only made in private through whispers. William Wilson is disgusted by these comments because he does not loss his reputation to be tarnished.Willows doppelgnger seems to be satisfied with the sting he inflicts, but William Wilson is hurting on the inside while trying not to question his own actions. He despises his doppelgnger because he knows he is doing something wrong but does not want to acknowledge it- he wants to pretend that e very(prenominal)thing he does is right and true. William Willows doppelgnger, through his insights, gradually makes him tells Wilson, his swan antagonist, And in my death, see by this image, which is thing own, how utterly thou hast murdered thyself (Poe 10).Here, Willows doppelgnger tells Wilson that he has left the better part of himself and that, essentially, he is now dead also. Willows doppelgnger is look that if Wilson had listened to him, he might have been a better person. All along Wilson has been both threatened and fascinated by this doppelgnger because his wisdom is far keener and better than his own. His doppelgnger kills Willows name, schemes, and pride- he has made Wilson feel august because he is the first person to really expose his substantial character flaws.In one of the last scenes, where Wilson is gambling with a very rich man and swindles him, his reputation is destroyed and his deceiving tricks are revealed. This scene is where Willows doppelgnger finally takes action instead of merely whispering. He makes it known that William is a cheat. The doppelgngers exposure of Willows jiggery-pokery is the pinnacle of what he has been trying to do all along. Willows doppelgnger represents the happier and better part of William Wilson, and in the end out of fear and paranoia, Wilson kills off this side of himself, or his conscience.William Wilson, like all people, has to constantly choose between right and wrong. Even with the lingering specter of his doppelgnger urging him to do right, Wilson manages to triumph over the forces of good acting on him. When Wilson kills his doppelgnger, he dooms himself to a life of turpitude (Sullivan 254). The theme of death in The Cask of A montillado, by contrast, is literal. The story is a confession of a man, Mentors, who has committed the horrible crime of murder. Mentors lures his friend, better off(predicate), into his family vaults, where he then fetters him to the wall and bricks him in.In this short story, the reader is perplexed by the seeming absence of a motive for this crime. It seems unequivocal that Mentors is insane, and his reasons for killing favorable are questionable. Mentors elaborates on his sophisticated philosophy of revenge l must not only punish, but punish with impunity. A wrong is undressed when payment overtakes its redresser. It is equally unrepressed when the avenger fails to make himself felt as such to him who has done the wrong (Poe 1).While many would suspect Mentors feels guilty about his killing aft(prenominal) he says my heart grew sick, he is actually stating his satisfaction over his monstrous deed . On account of the dampness of the catacombs (Poe 7). Mentors is fully capab le of vent through with all this violence and neither expressing nor experiencing any remorse. Not only does Mentors feel no guilt about his murder, but he perceives his murder of Fortunate as a successful and Justified act of vengeance and punishment rather than a crime (Barbara 49).The death in The Cask of Amontillado is clearly murder, as Mentors expertly plans his devious actions of capturing Fortunate and killing him in his family vaults. Mentors presents himself as a person with the right to condemn Fortunate to death- he plans his murder as an act of retribution. Although Mentors claims Fortunate death is sought from revenge, the abuses Fortunate causes are never revealed to the audience. Clearly, Mentors actions are irrational, extreme, and therefore he is mad.He is an extremely violent and insane person who is looking onwards to the murder of his friend. Mentors is not an active participant in the life of local aristocracy- he seemed to be a recluse. The fact that was m ore powerful than Mentors (Poe 1). Fortunate death had to come from feelings of Jealously and inferiority. But Mentors felt, being a descendant of a powerful aristocratic family, he could not possibly let Fortunate insult him with impunity (Barbara 52). The murder of Fortunate is looked forward to and is deliberate and calculated, as Mentors wants to kill him.He is able to easily face the toll, of committing the gruesome act that comes upon him. The death in The Cask of Amontillado is thirstily sought as Fortunate murder is premeditated and arranged and is later felt with no pity. The fact that Mentors feels no remorse after the death proves that he is an insane man and was fully capable of pursuing his plan. From losing his parents becoming orphaned and adopted and going through periods of fife where he struggled to both find and deal with losing love, it is obvious that Edgar Allan Poe experienced much suffering.Death was a common reality for him. Popes three works, William Wilso n, The Fall of the House of Usher, and The Cask of Amontillado all express different aspects of death. The tale of Redbrick Usher is one of dramatic intensity, psychological subtlety, and symbolic complexity (Kennedy 42). The deaths in the story are due to unrelieved gloom and morbid attitudes. In William Wilson, death is a mystery, as readers will never know whether William Wilson kills is actual self or a grim conscience who forces Wilson to question his immoral actions.Lastly, death in The Cask of Amontillado is a plotted manslaughter where the murderer is violent and vengeful. Although the treatments of death are diverse among these short stories, they all share characters, including Redbrick Usher, William Wilson, and Mentors, that are mentally unstable. These three stories deal with mental instability, self-destruction, and murder which all lead to death, inevitably. In conclusion, we can stem these forms of death from Edgar Allan Popes life and experiences, as he lived throug h much loss.

Evaluation of Cathay Pacific

Evaluation Employee In our case, the Cathay Pacific Flight Attendants Union (FAU) did not satisfy with a new policy that unavoidable them to work at least 70 hours a month before they could swap shifts with colleagues and they thought this new policy had hurt their pay and lifestyle. Pay and benefits is iodine of the factors that affect job satisfaction of the employees and it is perhaps unitary of the most rewards employees would like to nominate in order to support their lives.So when the charge attendants union alerted that their usual benefits foregather from the job has changed, they immediately voiced their concern and bargained with the employer to protect their rights. Moreover, the flight attendants viewed the new decision as the companys measure to withdraw their benefits that they atomic number 18 empower to receive, which are claimed to be clearly stated in the labor contract with Cathay Pacific. They argued to the employer that this action was illegal as the com pany did not communicate this decision with them beforehand.This can be explained by the principles of justice of the employees which consists of outcome fairness, procedural justice and interactional justice. In our case, interactional justice can be applied. A light of interactional justice is a judgment that the organization carried out its actions in a way that took the employees feelings into account. It includes the explanation of decision to the employees, respectful treatment, consideration and empathy. Referring to our case, the employer did not notice the employees before the implementation of the new policy which made the employees think the company did not concern their opinion.As their feelings are being ignored by the employer, the flight attendants union strongly opposed this new policy and caused competitiveness with the employer. Through this case, we discover that conflicts cannot be avoided in the workplace since the management goals and labor union goals are al ways opposite. The management aims to lower costs and raise outputs, as in our case, Cathay Pacific wanted to increase the productivity of the flight attendants and ensured every one of them should work at least 70 hours a month before they could swap shifts with colleagues.However, the labor union aims at obtaining pay and working conditions that satisfy their members and of grownup members a voice in decisions that affect them, and in our case, the flight attendants bargained with the employer not to accept the new policy which harm their benefits. As some degree of conflict is inevitable between workers and management, the labor union has a significant role to represent their members interests and resolving conflicts with employers. When more employees join the labor union, it can boost the negociate power of the union as it represents more employees.The Cathay Pacific Flight Attendants Union represents over 5,800 cabin crew in Cathay Pacific Airways which is a high ratio. Coll ective bargaining is indeed one of the ways to manage conflicts. It can be defined as a voluntary, formalized process by which employers and independent trade unions negotiate, for specified groups of employee, terms and conditions of employment. Regarding our case, the union would like to negotiate with the management at first but received no response so the union threatened to take industrial action, including a work-to-rule or a potential strike to urge the reply of the management.The pressure of an impending strike deadline forces some(prenominal) union and management negotiators to make concession and resolve their differences. Threatening of going on strike is usually a weapon of the labor union because it allow cause a big harm to the employer and that the union can gain more attention from the management and gain a higher chance to gain the negotiation. Fortunately with the intervention of the Labor Department the dispute was brought to an end with an agreement signed to withdraw the swap restriction permanently.The Biggest Winner was the union, which gained more than 600 new Members as a result of the ordeal. Through this case, it is obvious that the labor union gain a high importance in representing the employees and bargaining with the employer in order to get their desired results. http//www. aspireaviation. com/2010/04/05/cathay-pacific-threatened-with-strike/ http//www. thestandard. com. hk/news_detail. asp? pp_cat=11&art_id=96074&sid=27482954&con_type=1 http//www. businesstraveller. asia/asia-pacific/news/cathay-pacific-cabin-crew-mull-strike http//www. cpafau. org. hk/eng/index/

Culture Analysis of Toyota Essay

ABSTRACTThis consequence knowledge analyses the embo move overd glossiness of Toyota by using two theories and then analyze the national till grows of lacquer and ground forces by using two theories and its impact on the corporate kitchen-gardening of Toyota. The posts of Edgar Schein and Charles Handy result be utilize to analyze the corporate stopping point of Toyota turn the models of Greet Hofstede and Fons Trompenaars will be used to analyze the national cultures. Afterwards the case study will discuss the climate of Toyota and the impact of the similar to its success. Also the case study will analyze the reasons as to why the Toyota Company had to face failures and whether the familiarity culture had any impact in the same. It will also point out on how the culture of Toyota had rifle inflexible over a period where the ships company was facing rapid expansions in to early(a) countries and how it had impacted the success of the company. Finally the author will provide with suggestions and advice as to how Toyota could do in the prospective on erupting their corporate culture.Toyota was naturalized as a commercial vehicle manufacturer in 1937 with a capital of 12 million. By 1948 Toyotas debt was 8 measures than its capital grade. In mid-fifties Toyota studies US plants, including Ford, and supermarts during a 12 week study visit. They see little improvement since his previous ride but use supermarkets as a model for just-in-time production. Toyota entered the US in 1958 by launching its model the Toyopet. It established its first overseas production unit in Brazil in 1959 and entered the European market in 1963. Besides manufacturing, the company started a global net consort of design and R&D facilities screen the 3 major car markets of Japan, North America, and Europe.The company underwent rapidexpansion in the 1960s and exported fuel-efficient small cars to distinguishable countries a scrape the world. By the early 1970s, To yotas global vehicle production was behind that of only GM and Ford. The cover crisis in the late 1970s gave a major boost to Toyota, with any(prenominal)(prenominal) people shifting to smaller, fuel-efficient cars, where Toyota had a signifi arset presence. In 1988, Toyota opened its first plant in North America in Georgetown, In 2000, Toyotas global production exceeded five million vehicles.By November 2003, Toyotas market capitalization affected US$ 110 billion. In 2006, Toyota became the third largest car and truck seller in the US, surpassing Chrysler assemblage LLC13 (Chrysler). In 2007, Toyota with sales of 2.6 million vehicles overthrew Ford from the second position in the US auto market. rough two-third of Toyotas workforce was located outside Japan at that time. In July 2008, Toyota re stationd GM15 as the largest automaker in the world. In the financial year 2008, Toyota emerged as the largest political machine manufacturer in the world.2. National finis & Toyota market-gardening3.2. What is CultureCulture is not something you can manipulate easily. Attempts to grab it and twist it into a bare-ass manufacture never work because you cant grab it- Prof.John P. Kotter Culture could be limitd as the meat total of the beliefs, value, rituals, rules & regulations, techniques, institutions, and artifacts that does characterize human populations. Sociologists generally talk about the term socialization process, referring to the influence of p bents, fri odditys, education, and the fundamental interaction with other members of a particular society as the basis for ones culture. These influences result in learned patterns of behavior common to members of a tending(p) society.3.3. National Culture3.4.1. National culture gibe to Fons Trompenaars model Fons Trompenaars teamed with Charles Hampden-Turner and developed a theory on culture. Universalism vs. Particularism Universalism cultures are strictly rule-based behavioral cultures where particu laristic cultures endure to focus more(prenominal) than on the exceptional nature of present circumstances. Toyota had been a company who was working on relationship based culture where they arrive at even do by the suppliers as of their own. They value these relationships and trusts that done more than(prenominal) practices they will achieve success. Specific vs. diffuse This the manner which the constitution or the culture handles their communications (Low context vs. High context) it is obvious that the Nipponese be gigantics to low context and it was the case in Toyota as well where they value long term relationships with employees and its suppliers. Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualism is about the rights of the individual.It seeks to let for each one person buzz off forth or fail on their own, and sees group-focus as denuding the individual of their inalienable rights. Communitarianism is about the rights of the group or society. It seeks to impersonat e the family, group, company and country in the first place the individual. It sees individualism as selfish and short-sighted. It is clearly proven that Japanese whole shebang as groups and all team members and senior managers altogether will decide together on many strategies. Inner-directed vs. Outer-directed (Do we control our environment or work with it?) An inner-directed culture assumes that thinking is the most powerful dick and that considered ideas and intuitive approaches are the best direction. An Outer-directed culture assumes that we live in the real world and that is where we should look for our discipline and decisions. The Japanese culture had punishing beliefs on thinking power. Even at Toyota they created their own environment through with(predicate) introducing TPS and Toyota way.3.4.2. National culture according to Greet Hofstedes model National cultures can be draw according to the analysis of Geert Hofstede. It has five dimensions Power Distance, Ind ividualism, maleness, Un authoritativety avoidance, Long-Term Orientation. Japanese national culture had a huge influence in corporate culture of Toyota even though they had their operations stretched towards the other move of the world. Power Distance By means which you could understand the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and establishments within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. As per the table given below, it shows that Japan has more power distance than of regular army culture. Its clear as where all the strategic decisions were keepn through the head office of Japan through a hierarchical layer who had more authoritative power. approximately of the decisions were dependent on fewer individuals. Individualism Individualism is the one opposite of collectivism that is the degree to which individuals are integrated into groups. Individualism pertains to societies in which the ties between individuals are loose e tru lyone is expected to look after himself or herself and his or her immediate family. In Toyota all employees were treated equally fundamental, referred as knowledge workers and everybody was given the liberty to come up with ideas. As per the table given below ground forces can clearly been seen as individualistic culture where as Japan is more towards Collectivism culture. Masculinity is the degree to which masculine value exchangeable competitiveness and the acquisition of wealth are valued over feminine determine like relationship building and quality of life.According to the table, both Japan and USA are having high Masculinity characteristics but its practically higher on Japanese cultures. In Toyota, they were obsessed to overtake their competitors and become as the largest automaker in 2008 simply to prove their power proving masculine approach towards their competitors. Uncertainty dodge focuses on the take of societys tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. A High Uncertainty Avoidance ranking indicates the country has a low tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity. This creates a rule-oriented society that institutes laws, rules, regulations, and controls in align to reduce the amount of uncertainty. Japanese try to avoid uncertainty by planning everything carefully. Japan is a culture that depends on rules, laws and regulations.Japan wants to reduce its risks to the lowest and proceed with changes step by step. The United States win a 46 compared to the 92 of the Japanese culture. Uncertainty avoidance in the US is relatively low, which can clearly be viewed through the national cultures. In Toyota, you could see that they make all the link parties (Supplier, Designers, Engineers, Dealers and Partners) complex in the manufacturing process right from the designing stage to marketing the product so that they produce only what is needed with minimum risk. Long-Term Orientation focuses on the degree the society does or does not embracing long devotion to traditional values. High Long-Term Orientation ranking implies that the country embraces to the values of long-term commitments and respect for tradition and where long-term rewards are expected as a result of todays hard work. This is very evident as Toyota has spent much revenue and focus on R&D activities even at tougher times.Hofstedes Dimension of Culture ScalesWhen considering these factors, it is obvious that Toyota (which comprises with Japanese culture infix to its governing bodyal culture) will have a significant impact to its culture when working in USA as USA culture is much more different to than Japanese culture.3.4. Culture of Toyota3.5.3. Toyotas culture according to Edgar Scheins Theory Scheins three levels of culture model were developed in the 1980s. Schein identifies three distinct levels in organizational cultures 1. Artifacts and behaviors2. Exposed values3. Basic AssumptionsArtifacts of Toyota Artifacts are the visible elements in a cultu re. Artifacts can be easily recognized by people. Artifacts can be dress codes, furniture, art, work climate, stories, work processes, organizational buildings etc..Toyotas artifacts could be * Fuel efficient vehicle manufacturer* Concentrated highly on maintaining quality and minimizing waste. Basic Assumptions of Toyota Basic Assumptions reflect the shared values which are within the specific culture. These values oftentimes will not be especially visible to the members of the culture or the external parties. Assumptions and espoused values are possibly not correlated, and the espoused values whitethorn not at all be root in the actual values of the culture. This may cause great problems, where the differences between espoused and actual values may create frustrations, lack of morale and inefficiency. Toyota, when they ventured in to U.S. is when conflict in culture start to appear. Japanese corporate culture often conflicts with American management styles is partially due to a basic underlying assertion of Japanese culture.* Japanese Corporate Decision-Making involves group where Americans make decisions as individuals. * Japanese management is much more focused on relationships with their employees than rules to ensure corporate goals are met. * Managers in Japan depend on the maintain system to get work done, relying on their workers trust and good will * The traditional structures and the hierarchy kept up(p) by Toyota * Functional managers acting as instructs to other staff to understand the values and the culture of the organization * Chief engineers played a lively role in the organization * All employees of all levels were treated as knowledge workers * Encouraged all employees to communicate in simple language and encouraged them to be a part of different clubs & groups to share ideas amongst them. * Personal relationships were valued on a higher level3.5.4. Toyotas culture according to Charles Handy Theory Charles Handy gave a classificatio n to the organizations culture into commence of four cultures. The four cultures he discusses are Power, Role, Task and People. Power Culture Power is concentrated in a smaller group. Power radiates out from the centre, usually a come upon personality, to others in the organization who send information down to other departments, functions or units. After the Toyota Company had established after global expansion over different continents, the main decision making power was suave with headquarters which reflects the control was centralized to Japan headquarters. Role Culture This culture comprises with several functional units of the organization which have to implement the decisions.The strength of the culture lays in specialization within its theses functional units. Interaction takes place between the functional specialism by job descriptions, procedures, rules and systems. Toyota showed lot of signs of role culture. During the Manufacturing process, they got the Engineers, su ppliers and all the other related parties involved from the designing part to the sale of vehicle. Also they treated all employees as equal and each employee were given the probability to give their suggestions or express their feelings. Also Toyota had recount divisions operating for separate functions such(prenominal) as Sales, Finance, Legal, Manufacturing and R&D.Task Culture Such cultures are of organizations which are much involved in R&D activities. They will create temporary task teams to meet their future needs. Information and expertness are the skills that are of value here. In Toyota it was not much shown this type of culture but since Toyota were very aggressive in intensive R&D activities and they emphasized the fact that engineers to spend more time on core engineering and technical skill acquisition, it shows a little bit of task culture in existence in Toyota.3. Corporate Climate4.5. What is corporate climate?Climate is defined as the recurring patterns of behavi or, attitudes and feelings that characterize life in the organization. Climate impacts employee attitudes and motivation which directly impact on note performances.4.6. Was the climate correct in ToyotaThe corporate climate in Toyota was set right at the first base and baffled its way when the expansion process was taking place. As we all know, Toyota has been valued as an organization which been dictated through its values, processors and philosophies. Their main focuses were initially on understanding the requirements of the users through intense R&D activities and fulfill the same while maintaining high level of quality. For such they had developed mechanisms such as TPS or Toyota way. The Toyota Way was invented, discovered, and developed over decades as talented Toyota managers and engineers, learned to cope with its (Toyotas) problems of external adaptation and versed integration. Managers understand the challenges and context that led to active on-the-floor problem solvi ng, not theoretical, top-down exercises. Communications were very strong amongst the functions units. With the rapid expansion and the globalized diversifications being carried out (more broadly in USA), Toyota turned in to an ambition driven company that ignored its traditions.The practice of conveying the Toyota way to an alien culture was an uphill task and a followly exercise. Also there were signs that the top level of the company had its own issues. 1995 when Okuda became the President, he made some dramatic changes to the long lived traditions of Toyota culture by cutting costs, increasing focus on product development and revamping of the product designs. Under his leadership, Toyota went on massive overseas expansion in a rapid degree but the heathenish development and the processed values were not conveyed in the same phase. Once the expansions were set the focus/objective of the company became to be the largest car making company in the world beat GM.They were obsesse d with this new vision. In parallel to this new vision somewhere in early 2000s, they launched the CCC21 cost cutting program. Due to such many of Japan employees were reduced from overseas plants and due to such the transferring of age old quality practices and corporate philosophy couldnt be done to its subsidiaries. And finally due to new vision of being the largest car maker, more of production was focused than quality and Toyota looked for suppliers who could produce parts at a lower cost. Due to cultural change and knowledge gap between suppliers and Toyota, series of pin in quality was observed later in Aug 2009.4.7. Areas which went wrong with cultureAs per the case study it is evident that the two countries naturally have different cultures and they will impact the new venture which has cross cultural dynamics. In Toyota culture, they were very concerned on the values and the processor and the people involved. Its much towards the Japanese cultural influence. But with th e expansions, such practices were not effectually transferred to the employees of USA where they were part of a different culture. Even though they set up different division set up in different parts of USA all the main decisions were taken from the headquarters which was in Japan.The overseas divisions were not given much authority. Also another facture was that in Japanese culture they need lot of paperwork to take a decision where in USA culture they take quick decisions. Due to such several all important(p) decisions could not be taken on time leading to losses and at times up to legal penalties. And the Rigid structures and the Hierarchy were not helping the operations or were not letting the company grow towards the future. As the decision making was solely with the headquarters, it did not authorize or give an opportunity to the managers in the USA offices as they were to follow set orders or tasks. 4. Suggestion for way forward5.8. How could Toyota do better in the future When managing cross cultural issues, it is important that both parties spend a goodish amount of time on understanding each others cultures. It is very important that while the top level managers concentrate on the new diversification, the product lines and the bottom lines, they should strategize on how to manage the cultural issues as well. Toyota could have send the senior managers to USA prior to the expansions to really understand the culture of USA and same way they could have brought in the senior managers who were to be go ined from USA to Japan so they could have an deeper understanding of their corporate culture and the values. Same way they must be flexible on the structures and the higher(prenominal) achy of the company by empowering the other unit heads to take decision and to be innovative from their end and back them on their decisions. Instead of adopting a culture where rewards are given on growth or production, it could be a combination of such and encouragement workers to perform better in order to together with improve the company.More relationships could have been built with the suppliers and the dealers in order to maximize the production output and to develop the exact required features. The workforce in the USA plants to have a combination of Japanese and USA employees even at the senior levels. This way the touch of the original Toyota values and philosophies will not die fast and could be incarnated to the other employees as well. While trying to be the leader in automobile market, its not advisable to use only the cost leadership. Its shown in the case study and in many other articles which done by industry experts that due to severe cost reduction practices, Toyota lost its core value which is Quality on its product. Hence its always good to have a mixture of strategies when conquering a market. Another aspect is Quick decision making. It is very important that when working with a culture like USA who are keen on quick decision making, Japanese should react fact to situation otherwise will be at the risk of obtaining losses. R&D activities must be focused on the correct path as such practices will define the future of the company.If the R& D was done properly at Toyota they wouldnt have acquired so many losses through recalls and poor product designs. And the sharing of information is a definite need when transaction with cross cultural matters. Since both cultural parties are new to each other such communications would bridge the gap. 5.9. Measures which they could take to effectively embed the proper culture to its employees As mentioned earlier, studying the involved cultures is an important process in any organization. For an example, the company which I work for (which is a leading Optical expediency provider in the country), they closely monitor the culture of the suburb or the region which they think of expanding before taking any key decisions. Same way, Japanese senior managers could have stayed in USA for long enough to get a grasp of their culture and understand their values and way of doing things. Understand the culture of the market which you are entering is a key strategy.Secondly they could have brought in the USA managers whom were to take up senior position in USA plants much prior to the installation of the factories as n induction programme or as an apprentice programme so that the Japanese managers could really transfer the cultural aspects and the values of Toyota which has been practiced for the past decades successfully. In my organization we do such practices as we recruit employees from the region where we are planning to expand to and place them at out head office so that they will be well trained and would really understand our values. Similarly, we send one of our senior staff or Managers to the newly opened branch once its stetted up to be there for a certain period so that he will be an mentor to the others and also he will bring in the details of the prevailing culture of the said region.Another thing Toyota must do is to empower the Managers from the said culture so that the decision making and other practices would be much more effective and related to the actual requirement. For this I could again take my company where all the branches are operated as separate profit centers and the Branch manager is empowered to take decision on behalf of the organization on many operational and at times on some strategic matters.Also for the employees of the two cultures to have much closer ties, Toyota could use the prevailing technologies such as social networking sites whereby they could get the employees of two cultures to meet up on a virtual world and get to know better and even to share ideas amongst them. This way the belongingness and the team work will develop amongst the employees. In our organization, we organize staff day outing, workshops, outward bound training programmes and other get-to-gather activities whereby they will g et to know each other better and share their ideas amongst them.5. proofAs most of the solutions are given in the previous paragraphs, the following points to be considered when managing cross cultural issues. When applied to cross cultural management of organizations different corporate cultures can be identified and proactive solutions must be developed to ensure compatibility between all parties and its cultures. And each culture must be valued as they are similarly valuable to both parties. When recruiting new employees it is very important to mentor them about the prevailing corporate culture and the values attached to these cultures. Train and socialize current employees to be more receivable for the coming alien cultures. Change and be flexible on organizational structure to give employees more control. Empower employees to make decision about their jobs.The long lived traditions and the best practices should not be neglected at any time and more importantly the culture play s a very vital role on the organizations success.6. Referencehttp//geert-hofstede.comICBT Study materialswww.lindsay-shervin.co.ulwww.changingminds.orgwww.businessmate.org

Effective Teacher Essay

Other studies of the effects of teacher set out on student learning have found a relationship between teachers persuasiveness and their years of experience (Murnane & Phillips, 1981 Klitgaard & Hall, 1974), but not always a significant one or an in all linear one. While many studies have established that inexperienced teachers (those with less than three years of experience) are typically less effective than more senior teachers, the benefits of experience appear to level off later on about five years, especially 10in non-collegial work settings (Rosenholtz, 1986). A possible cause of this curved trend in experience effects is that older teachers do not always continue to arouse and learn and may grow tired in their jobs. Furthermore, the benefits of experience may interact with educational opportunities. experienced teachers in settings that emphasize continual learning and collaboration continue to improve their performance (Rosenholtz, 1984). Similarly, very rise up-prepar ed base teachers can be highly effective. For example, some recent studies of 5-year teacher education programs programs that include a lives degree in the discipline and masters in education as well as a year-long student teaching placementhave found graduates to be more footsure than graduates of 4-year programs and as effective as more senior teachers (Andrew & Schwab, 1995 Denton & Peters, 1988).It is also possible that uneven effects of experience in cross-sectional studies can be the result of cohort effects (for example, cohorts of teachers hired in times of shortage may be less well-qualified than those hired when schools can be more selective) or of attrition effects (for example, disproportionate early attrition of more able teachers may leave a less capable senior force on average) (Murnane & Phillips, 1981 Vance & Schlechty, 1982).Presumably, the direction of this effect would change if retention policies kept the most able beginning teachers in the profession. Sinc e experience is also correlated with teacher education and security status, these variables may be confounded in some analyses.

Home Background Factors Related to Academic Success

exposed what are the coach and the home background factors that are related to donnish triumph? Academic success can be defined as excellence in all academic disciplines in kinsfolk as well as extracurricular activities. It acknowledges excellence in sporting, behavior, confidence, communication skills, assertiveness, arts, culture But to forgather academic success, distinguishable factors must be achieved. What are these factors? From birth to age eighteen, children spend just a fraction of their lives in inculcate.Therefore, it is not surprising that many factors exposeside the work environment can significantly ascertain school-age childs prospects for academic success in school. Thats why home background is considered one of the consequential factors related to academic success. First, parents beliefs, expectations and attitudes about education have a profound impact on students conceptions of the significance of education in their lives. What parents think about t he importance of doing well in school is often mirrored in student results.In other words, if the parents were educated they know the consequences of education in the life-time thats why they encourage their children to study. A study by Metropolitan Life Insurance keep company found that nearly all students (98%) who earned As and Bs on their field of study cards reported that their parents encouraged them to do well in school. Among students who earned mostly Cs said they received little parental encouragement.Second, why children succeed or fail in school is related to the mothers level of education which is one of the most important factors influencing childrens teaching levels and other school achievements therefore, quality of maternal care is one of the factors helping students to achieve academic success. Third, a relatively large family appeared to be not impediment to the educational achievements of middle-class children, but for those with less internal home circums tances a small family was an essential ingredient for academic success.In small families, parents have more than resources to devote to their children and can more easily find time to spend with them and to encourage them. When the family have dozens of children, finding time to read to the child, to encourage him to complete his homework or to participate in school functions, become more difficult. Forth, many children grow up in homes with an abundance of fiscal and material resources but not all do.Poverty takes a toll on students performance. Poor children are twice as in all probability as their more affluent counterparts to repeat a grade to be suspended, expelled, or drop out of high school. In sum, children from more economically affluent home circumstances have a offset up in many areas in life, including education. Finally, for most students, school creates an important companionship setting a safe place where time structure and friends are present.Families and neighb orhoods complete a students community and consciously connecting schools, families and neighborhoods offer significant advantages for students, particularly those at academic risk. The broad stroke issues that can influence performance in school includes therefore parenting. Other things that may influence academic success include motivational and well-trained teachers. Teachers can make students either interested or not in the material to be learned.For example, in this digital age, teachers can use computers to individualize learning so that lessons can cater to the different skill levels of each child. Gone are the days of simple worksheets and book work teachers should encourage their students in some way to have excellent results. In addition, teachers should be well-organized and patient they should repeat lessons and answer all students questions. Moreover, teachers should find interactive learning activities which can integrate into the classroom to help them present more i nformation in a dynamic way.In conclusion, schools do not exist in a vacuum. A host of factors contribute to students prospects for academic success and there are many theories as to what will increase the academic success of the child. some(a) students come to school with all they need stable and supportive families, adequate financial resources and good surrounding. For students who do not enjoy these advantages, teachers can help them meet outside-of-school challenges and can provide the boost they need to succeed.

The Change of Video From Analog to the Digital

motion picturedisk is an exciting newfangled applied science because of the interest benefitsup to nine hours of studio apartment-quality icon and multiple channel surround soundsimultaneous multiple quarrel support and interactivityother digital video delivery systems, including direct broadcast satellite, wireless cable and digital cableDigital video changes all aspects of video production. Up to this point video has been recorded and hold as linear electrical system. Analog video transmitters and receivers can be built inexpensively just now atomic number 18 very expensive to transmit and store. Also, todays strong digital computers cannot process latitude marks, so analog information cannot be easily searched, sorted or edited.The change of video from the analog to the digital domain changes everything. Digital video can be stored and distri stilled more(prenominal) inexpensively than analog, and digital video can be stored on randomly accessible media such as a ma gnetic dish aerial drive (hard discs), and optical disc media (CDs). When stored on randomly accessible media, video can be utilise in other applications such as games, education, training, and other applications.Even movies can become interactive, renounceing viewers to destine their point of view, a plot path and the ending. Digital video also significantly increases transmission talent so that communications net clips, everything from television systems to telecommunication satellites, be able to carry from six to ten clock more channels of video courseming than was manageable before, thereby murderering more consumer choice. The dexterity to transmit video over the public phone network will also allow video conferencing, accelerating the work at home gesturement that is ever-changing the way people be employed. videodisks can hold 4.7 to 17 billion bytes of digital data on a 120-mm (4.75 inch) disc. This can mean up to nine hours of studio quality video and multi-cha nnel surround-sound audio, highly interactive multimedia computer programs, 30 hours of CD-quality audio, or anything else that can be represented as digital data.A videodisc looks like a CD. It is a silvery platter, 4.75 inches in diameter with a hole in the center. Data is recorded on the disc in a spiral trail of tiny pits, and the discs ar read using a laser beam. DVDs hold more information because the pits are lower-rankinger and the spiral is tighter and can record data in as some as four layers, two on each side of the disc.Lasers that put on a shorter wavelength beam of unmortgaged are more accurate aiming and focusing mechanisms. These are used to read the DVDs. In fact, the focusing mechanism is the applied science that allows data to be recorded in two layers. To read the second layer, the reader focuses the laser deeper into the disc, where the second layer of data is recorded. Not only are two-layer discs possible, simply double sided as well. This ability of fo ur layers gives DVD its 17 gigabyte capacity. Since a 135-minute movie fits on a single DVD layer however, single-layer DVDs will be the most common.Philips was founded in 1891 by Gerald Philips in Eindhoven, the Netherlands as a manufacturer of incandescent lamps and other electronics. From its small beginning, Philips has emerged as one of todays global leaders in electronics. As a thirty-nine billion-dollar family, Philips successfully competes in a wide range of markets such as consumer products, lighting, semiconductors, professional products and systems.Philips currently has a workforce of more than 250,000. The play along has 243 production facilities scattered throughout cardinal countries. Philips sells and services its products in 150 countries and their stock is traded in 16 stock exchanges in nine countries.The company presently has seven different product divisions and one hundred businesses in value based warring analysis. Philips ranked first spherewide in ligh ting, color picture tubes, shavers, and dictation equipment. They are second in laser optics and monitors. The company is third among consumer electronics and medical imagining equipment.To maintain leadership in global markets through innovation, Philips reinvests 5.3% of its gross sales into research and development and has research laboratories in six countries. Through its commitment in research, Philips has come up with at least ten thousand inventions in field of optical recording, digital audio coding, digital video coding and mobile telephony. The company is a holder of 60,000 patents and design rights and almost 30,000 trademarks registrations. Philips possesses key patents in optical recording (CD-Audio, CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-Video, DVD-ROM), digital audio coding (MPEG-2 audio compression) and mobile telephony (GMS and CDMA).Philips Magnavox was formed in 1974 when the two companies decided to join forces. Along with the Philips brand, there are several other name bran ds including, that not limited to, Marantz and Norelco.Philips Magnavox released the DVD cdAT video player on April 30, 1997 at a retail price of $549. The new device allows for richer sound and video quality that was found V until then V only in movie theaters.In 1960 Akio Morita began Sonys first major overseas venture in the United States in New York City with a capital investment of $500,000. They employed six people initially but would grow into one of the largest components of Sonys worldwide operations.Currently, Sony Electronics, Inc. in North America has one-third of Sonys integrated assets worldwide. They are the largest geographical operation of the corporation. They rake in some $9.6 billion sales on a given year and roughly $1.3 billion in exports. The North American plants employ a broad(a) of 24,000 people whose job range from manufacturing to customer service to research and development and marketing and sales.During the 1995 Consumer Electronics show, Sony debute d the first pattern DVD player in the United States.On January 8, 1997, Sony Electronics released their first DVD player at a retail price of about $1,000 V a big difference from todays $400 price tag.John Briesch, President of Sony Electronics A/V Group said, We have designed our first DVD player, model DVP-S7000, as a high-end product to deliver not only reference-standard DVD video quality, but state-of-the-art CD sound as well.Panasonic introduced its first products into the U.S. market in 1961. The founder of its parent company V Matsushita Electric Industrial Company Co. V Konosuke Matsushita believed that Matsushita makes people before it makes products. He basically believed that valuing employees first would lead to better quality products. It seems that his successors have carried out his vision because Panasonic continues to sell high quality products in the U.S. and abroad.The company currently employs 19,500 people in factories, sales companies, service centers and res earch facilities in the U.S., Puerto Rico, Mexico and Canada.Divx is the latest technology to revolutionize DVD players. Divx movies are synonymous with movie rentals in the sense they can be viewed for a set period of time (48 hours from the time of the initial playing). Unlike traditional movie rentals, Divx doesnt have any late fees tacked on to the price. In addition, there are no late night trips to the video store to return movies.A Divx movie costs an average of $4.50, which includes an initial viewing time of 48 hours from the time of pressing the play button. After that time is up, an additional forty-eight hours can be purchased for $3.25. It is through with(p) through the internal modem to an 800 number and information is uploaded back to the CD on a very small chip. This can be repeated as often as the user likes. Also, a person whitethorn decide a movie on Divx is worth jibeing over and over. During this case, a Dixv can be converted into a movie that has unlimited p laying time and is like a regular DVD movie.Technological and social/cultural shiftsWith the advent of the DVD, more and more data can be stored on a single disc. In addition, the DVD is far more interactive than the traditional VHS tape. For example, on a DVD two or more languages can be stored. That couldnt happen on a VHS tape because of limiting recording time. Furthermore, people dont have to leave their house to watch a DVD. With the emergency of e-commerce on the Internet an individual can order a movie off of the web and have it delivered to the front door within days. This takes away from the social interaction with people that occurs in a store setting.People are able to use the DVD to learn another language. make water for instance a DVD that has superstar French-Canadian Celine Dion render her various songs. One option in the program is to change the lyrics that are displayed on the screen to French. As Celine Dion sings in English, the words matching up to what she is singing are displayed on the bottom of the screen. This is an excellent way to learn another language.There are numerous different ways that are now being developed to copyright protect the movies, programs and videos etc. that are on the new DVDs. The three most common ways that were found to be used already to protect DVDs are Regional coding, discipline scrambling system and the Copy generation management system (CGMS).When you deprave your first DVD drive and install it, you now have to enter the zone in which you live. The world is divided into six sections, with Canada and the United States as zone 1. The DVD disc also has its own codes that allow it to be played in certain parts of the world and not in others. This forces people that debauch DVD discs in Zone 1 to also have to utilize discs that are coded for Zone 1. This prohibits movies that are produced in other Zones from being used where they should not be. The code can however be changed on your DVD drive. The code can only be changed a couple of times, thus prohibiting people from changing the code constantly and abusing the protection. It allows the user to change the code a couple of times so that if they move to a different zone they will not be penalized.The second type of encryption is called the Content Scrambling System. (CSS) This is a key-based data encryption that sets up a protocol whereby your drive and the disc exchange keys. The keys are legal, registered mechanism of the Content Scrambling System. Any hardware that is sold or brought into different zones must be registered. When the keys are found to be authentic, then the DVDs can be decrypted.The third type of protection comes from the VCR technology that we are all very familiar with. The Copy Generation Management System is the technology that makes it inconceivable to copy two videos between two VCRs with a good resolution and brightness. This system works by embedding a signal in a part of the video that is not usually seen by the user. This signal causes the brightness of the video to vary and for the picture to be unreliable. This same technology has been implemented for use with DVDs. Although it seems possible that some people may be able to overcome these copyright traps, the user has to have at least an 8, 10 or 17 GB hard drive.