Intelligent Campus Using Rfid

part 1 presentation 1. 1GENERAL With the expanding refusal of reality the RFID innovation is picking up energy step by step. RFID is a wellspring of recognizable proof of people and novel items. The sprouting innovation RFID demonstrates to undermine even the cloning procedure, through the chip inclusion. Better approaches for improving the current RFID innovation are being found and executed. This progression of RFID innovation is looked past the security purposes. 1. 2 PRESENT SCENARIO Radio recurrence recognizable proof (RFID) is a general term that is utilized to portray a framework that transmits the character (as remarkable sequential number) of an article remotely, utilizing radio waves. RFID innovations are gathered under the more conventional Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). The RFID innovation is utilized uniquely in security, labeling merchandise, stock purposes. Since the RFID innovation isn't entrenched in India, the presentation of new technique in the field of RFID will undoubtedly improve the utilization of RFID innovation in different regions of science and innovation. . 3 PROBLEM An individual ought to be apportioned to keep up registers in all spots and arrangement of staffs for organizing with understudies in all events. The ID card can be copied even idea it has some other progression which will be utilized in uncommon events. 1. 4 SOLUTION The best answer for the above issue is to build up a solitary RFID label that can be utili zed inside the school grounds. Every single RFID label holds a specific number and it is coordinated with the id cards of every single people. The RFID label peruser can be fixed anyplace in grounds and it is utilized to gather the data about the label area. The gathered information can be sent to brought together server to deal with that data. Another additional bit of leeway is that the ID cards can’t be copied. This has a few points of interest and it is an efficient one for the organization, understudies and staff individuals. 1. 5 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIRED The equipment required is: 1) Personal PC. 2) RS 232. 3) Reader. 4) Power flexibly unit. 5) IR transmitter and beneficiary pair. 6) Buzzer. 7) LCD. 8) Tags. The product required is: 1) AVR studio 3. 5. 2) Visual studio 6. 0. 1. 6 BLOCK DIAGRAM Figure 1. 1 square graph of canny grounds utilizing RFID CHAPTER 2 RFID framework 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Radio Frequency Identification or RFID alludes to the arrangement of advancements that utilization radio waves for recognizing articles or individuals. The RFID framework is utilized to distinguish singular items or things in the earth which can be checked through utilization of remote innovation. RFID is a nonexclusive term for advances that utilization radio waves to remotely store and recover information. As such, it is a consolidated term with RF and ID where RF implies a remote correspondence innovation and ID implies recognizable proof data of tag. So it is said that RFID is hypothetically a remote systems administration innovation to transmit recognizable proof data put away at an electronic memory space. 2. 2 COMPONENTS OF RFID SYSTEM: ? A RFID gadget (transponder or tag), that contains information about a thing. ? A reception apparatus used to transmit the RF signals between the peruser and the RFID gadgets. ? A RF handset that creates the RF signals. A peruser that gets RF transmissions from a RFID gadget and passes the information to the host framework for handling. Figure 2. 1: RFID SYSTEM 2. 3 GENERIC RFID TAG ARCHITECTURE The tag contains circuit to both correct DC power from the approaching RF signal just as to distinguish and remove the data tweaked on the sign. The reception apparatus load is a controlled opposition that changes the impedance of the dipole, empowering th e backscatter. The label IC is mounted on a transporter known as a tie and in this way attached to the reception apparatus to frame the completely amassed tag. The chip itself is exceptionally little, empowered by modem CMOS innovation. The mounting of the bite the dust on a bearer has been made exceptionally modest and able to do enormous volume by either flip-flop or by other imaginative strategy, for example, the Alien Technologies Fluidic self Assembly process. [pic] Figure 2. 2: Basic Tag IC Architecture 2. 4 Components of a label The significant segments of the tag are 1) Microchip. 2) Antenna. 2. 4. 1 Microchip is electronic hardware comprising of a little precious stone of silicon semiconductor created to complete various electronic capacities in a coordinated circuit. The microchip utilized in a HF tag is a contact less read/compose uninvolved RFID gadget that is upgraded for 13. 56 MHz RF transporter signal. The gadget needs an outer LC thunderous circuit for remote correspondence with the cross examiner. The gadget is controlled remotely by amending a RF signal that is transmitted from the investigative specialist and transmits or refreshes its substance from memory-dependent on orders from cross examiner. 2. 4. 2 Antenna The recieving wire emanates the radio sign to initiate the tag and perusing and composing information to it. Recieving wires are the courses between the tag and the handset, which controls the framework information procurement and correspondence. Recieving wires are accessible in an assortment of shapes and sizes; they can be worked in a door jamb to get label information from people or things. The electromagnetic field delivered by a recieving wire can be continually present when various labels are normal ceaselessly. In the event that steady cross examination isn't required, the field can be actuated by the sensor gadget. 2. 5 rfid perusers RFID peruser resembles whatever other gadget that can be associated with a PC Or may be in fabricated like an outside or inward modem. The RFID peruser can be fueled by a force source utilizing a connector †Reader† or †Interrogator†, a gadget that can find and initiate labels with the goal that the data that has been modified onto the tag is transmitted back to the peruser and in this manner to interface registering frameworks. The data that is gotten by the peruser is then passed to the backend registering framework to start the occasions, exchanges, work processes, and so forth. In addition to the fact that reader locate actuate and get transmissions from RFID labels, a peruser has the capacity of sending information back to peruse/compose able tag so as to affix or supplant information. Perusers exist that can likewise examine scanner tags in conditions where both standardized tags and RFID are utilized. 2. 6 COMPONENTS OF A READER The peruser has the accompanying fundamental parts: ? Transmitter and Receiver ? Chip ? Memory ? I/O channels for outer sensors, actuators and annunciators ? Controller ? Correspondence interface ? Force. [pic] Figure 2. 3: BLOCK outline of a peruser 2. 6. 1 TRANSMITTER The reader’s transmitter is utilized to transmit AC power and the clock cycle by means of recieving wires to the labels in its read zone. This is a piece of the handset unit, the part answerable for imparting the peruser sign to the general condition and accepting label reactions back by means of the peruser radio wires. The reception apparatus ports of peruser are associating with its handset part. One peruser radio wire can be connected to each such reception apparatus port. Beneficiary gets simple signs from the tag by means of the peruser recieving wire. It at that point imparts the signs to peruser microchip, where it is changed over to its equal advanced structure. 2. 6. 2 MICROPROCESSOR This segment is answerable for actualizing the peruser convention to speak with perfect labels. It performs deciphering and blunder checking of the simple sign from the collector. Also, the chip may contain custom rationale for doing low level separating and handling of read label information. 2. 6. 3 Memory is utilized for putting away information, for example, the peruser design boundaries and rundown of label peruses. Contingent upon the memory size, be that as it may, a cutoff applies with respect to what number of such label peruses can be put away at once. In the event that the association stays down for an all-inclusive period with the peruser perusing labels during this vacation, this breaking point may be surpassed a piece of the put away information lost. 2. 6. 4 I/O channels Perusers don't need to be turned on for perusing labels at untouched. A sensor or something to that affect, for example, a movement or light sensor, distinguishes the nearness of labeled articles in the perusers read zone. This sensor would then be able to set the peruser on to peruse this tag. Likewise, this part additionally permits the peruser to give nearby yield contingent upon some condition by means of an annunciators or an actuator. 2. 6. 6 CONTROLLER A controller is a substance that permits an outer element, either a human or a PC program, to speak with and control a reader’s work and to control annunciators and actuators related with the peruser. . 6. 7 COMMUNICATION INTERFACE The correspondence interface segment gives the correspondence guidelines to a peruser that permits it to connect with outer substances, through a controller to moves its put away information and to acknowledge orders and send back the comparing reactions. 2. 6. 8 POWER This part supplies capaci ty to the peruser segment. The force sources by and large gave to this segment through a force rope associated with a suitable outer electrical outlet. 2. 7 COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A READER AND A TAG Contingent upon the label type, the correspondence between the peruser and a tag can be one of the accompanying: †¢ Modulated backscatter †¢ Transmitter type †¢ Transponder type The region between a peruser radio wire and one full frequency of the RF wave radiated by the recieving wire is called close to field. The territory past one full frequency of the RF wave radiated from a peruser radio wire is called far field. Detached rfid frameworks working in LF and HF use close to handle correspondence, though those in UHF and microwave frequencies use far field correspondence. The sign quality in close to handle correspondence weakens as the 3D shape of the good ways from the peruser radio wire. In far field, it lessens as square of the good ways from the peruser recieving wire. 2. 7. 1 MODULATED BACK SCATTER Modulated backscatter correspondence applies to latent just as to sem

Short essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Short - Essay Example On account of qualification to get chose for the post, Texas House is far simpler than US House to reach. As a matter of first importance, the base age required to be chosen for the Texas House is twenty-one years while that of the US House is a quarter century. What's more, while US House necessitates that a part ought to be a resident of United States for as long as seven years, for Texas House, it is 2 years. In any case, on account of remuneration, US House far effort the Texas House. While the previous gives a yearly pay of $ 174, 000, the last offers a small measure of $ 600 every month, alongside a routine set of expenses of $ 128, subsequently totaling to $ 17,920 every year, indicating a ten times contrast! Furthermore, different retirements vigorously favor US House individuals moreover, the US House individuals appreciate a strong annuity, individual staff stipend, cost remittances, remote travel recompense, and likewise, can make a pay from outside business that doesn't s urpass 15% of their part pay. Then again, Texans get a pitiful aggregate as compensation. On account of terms of administration both appear to be comparative in the way that both are chosen for multi year terms and can get chose interminable number of times. Nonetheless, on account of Texas enactment, the quantity of standard meeting is 140 days to the most extreme however the senator calls for unique meetings which can go up to a limit of 30 days (Texas House of Representatives). Then again, US House is viewed as full-time yet meetings most recent a half year or more, that begins in January and finishes before the finish of July. Altogether, it appears that however the US House individuals are in all day work getting enormous pay rates and different advantages, they stay far away from their body electorate, therefore being not able to focus on the issues influencing the neighborhood individuals. Then again, however Texas house individuals get less compensation and different advanta ges, they get plentiful chance to interface with the individuals, and in this manner, assuming their job well. I would prefer to go for Texas House participation as it gives the fulfillment of open help. 2 Both the Texas lawmaking body and the US Congress are like an extraordinary degree in their structure, capacity, political race and length of terms. Be that as it may, a nearby look will uncover a colossal contrast in the compensation of delegates and nature and length of meetings. At the point when the structure of both the governing bodies is contemplated, one can discover a great deal of similitudes, the first being their bicameral nature. The US Congress is partitioned into two; the Senate and the House of Representatives with 100 individuals in the previous and 435 individuals in the last mentioned. So also, Texas council has a Senate with 31 individuals and a House of Representatives with 150 individuals. . One can discover a great deal of similitudes in the idea of decision s as well. In both the cases, the term of every part is two years and the political race to all the posts in the House of Representatives happens at regular intervals, in even-numbered years. In any case, there is distinction in the appointment of Senate individuals. Senate individuals from the Congress hold their office for a long time, yet 33% of the seats come on the ballot at regular intervals. Then again, the individuals in the Texas senate are partitioned into two gatherings and half of the seats come

Physical Therapy Assistant Essay Example for Free

Exercise based recuperation Assistant Essay Under the perception of a Physical Therapist, a Physical Therapist Assistant (PTA) attempts to assist patients with recuperating from wounds or inabilities inside the body. A couple of embodiments of their profession incorporate parity preparing, work out, electrical incitement, rub, ultrasound treatment, and mechanical footing. Notwithstanding, seeing as they are still just partners, PTA’s should completely archive and report all that they do and turn in their administrative work to their supervising specialist. Despite the fact that the position is one of a negligible disciple, they are not required to hold a permit, yet there are a few different capabilities required. Instruction is the initial step to confirmation. An essential two-year Associates degree is required. This can be gotten through Murray State College in Tishomingo, Oklahoma. There are two unique segments that fit into the certificate: study hall examines and clinicals. Under the instruction part of the degree, you would take a few courses during your multi year term, including restoration, brain research, physiology, kinesiology, and wording, and life structures. Different courses incorporate orthopedics, progressed exercise based recuperation systems, and pathology. Generally, sixty hours of instructive course credits are required. In the second area of studies, you are required to have working involvement with the field. These clinicals happen inside the second year of your training. Regardless of whether it is in a treatment focal point or some likeness thereof or an expert Physical Therapy business matters not, just that you have the experience required, and as a rule, 2,000 working hours. Seeing as this would put you legitimately in contact with others in a clinical field, you would be prepared in cardiopulmonary revival (CPR) and the essentials of medical aid. On a side note, since you are in the control of active recuperation help, you yourself as the treatment aide ought to be in acceptable or phenomenal condition. Frequently, the right hand needs to work with the patients and help them with portability, consequently, there is a high need to have a truly kept up body too. After you have made sure about your Associates degree and finished your active recuperation collaborator program with credits, you have gotten qualified to apply for and take the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE). This test is managed by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. One way that you can help set yourself up for the test is by joining proficient associations. Not exclusively would the gatherings make you look great, they would likewise offer many system openings and advantages later on. Gaining accreditations likewise takes into consideration more readiness. For instance, joining the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) requires a generous number of additional experience hours and around a time of work before affirmation. This would give somebody a generally excellent head start with regards to reading for the test. When you feel sufficiently arranged, you may take your test. Whenever passed, the alumni may then carry on with their affirmation of finishing for the Physical Therapy Assistant. With this permit, you would now be able to go out into the clinical field, land your own position as a confirmed physical specialist colleague, and flourish with the degree and occupation you love.

Best Topics For Essay Writing Competition

Best Topics For Essay Writing CompetitionIf you are in a time crunch and need a way to write a paper quickly, then you can easily choose the best topics for essay writing competition. It is actually quite easy. All you have to do is to pick the topic that you feel is most suitable for your essay, then you will write a short but detailed essay.How do you decide which essay is the best one? Here are some tips that will help you out in making your choice. You need to choose the topic that appeals to you the most and make sure that you include the most relevant details about the topic.Now that you have picked the topic that you think would best suit your essay, you need to take it to the essay writing competition where you will be judged based on the quality of your essay. By using some of the best essay writing tips and tools, you will be able to increase your chances of winning the essay writing competition.In selecting the best writing tips, you must remember that no one can judge you on the quality of your work alone. You need to make sure that you use the best and the most relevant topics for essay writing competition.These are the topics that you can include in your essay. They can be things like travel, sports, or culture. Whatever subject you choose, you need to include in your essay that will capture the attention of the reader.When selecting the best writing tips for you, remember that there are certain guidelines that need to be followed. These guidelines are mostly based on people's opinion. When you are using the best essay writing tips, you must remember that you need to build the writer's confidence as well as their knowledge of the topic.When you use the best essay writing tips, you should also not forget to add in a common theme. A common theme will give the reader an idea about the subject and will help them understand the essay better.

Decriminalization of Marijuana in Canada Essays - 1352 Words

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The theory behind the decriminalization of the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use should be tied to a national drug strategy that promotes awareness and prevention, and provides for comprehensive treatment. The government would sponsor programs to educate youths about the dangers of marijuana, and also support programs to aide citizens who have addictions to marijuana. Opposition to the Decriminalization of Marijuana nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There is also strong support on the other side, opposing the decriminalization of marijuana. Their argument is that by legalizing, or even decriminalizing small amounts or marijuana will lead to an increase of the use of other drugs. They also contradict the view of those who support the decriminalization of marijuana by stating the marijuana is indeed a gateway drug that will lead users to start using narcotics like heroin and cocaine. They believe that people who start off using marijuana and get addicted will start searching for new ways to get high, and basically start down the path of drug use to harder, more addicting, and more life threatening drugs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another point that the opposition makes is the message thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about Decriminalization of Marijuana in Canada1368 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Marijuana is currently a hot topic of debate throughout Canada, and has been for the past few years. Marijuana was first banned in 1923 under the Opium and Drug Act, but since 1997 the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act have controlled it. In 2000, over 30,000 Canadians were charged with possession of marijuana. Currently, the marijuana laws are not enforced equally across the country, which has prompted the interest in changing the laws or possibly decriminalizing marijuana. 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The Real Effects of Reality Television on Society

The real effects of reality television on society. Reality television is popular all over the world. The influence reality television has on society is significant, especially its influence on the youth generation since television is a widely accessible form of mass culture. Psychologist Randall Flanery, PhD, director of the Eating Disorders Program at the Saint Louis University School of Medicine tells Webmd.com (2003) that he is especially concerned about its teenage viewers, who are more than likely to develop eating disorders. Holly Hoff, program director of the National Eating Disorders Association, also shared with Webmd.com (2003) her concerns about reality television’s impact on youth, saying that reality television†¦show more content†¦That is why treatment for eating disorders is so difficult because some of the patients just refuse to admit that they have a problem, when they identify themselves with reality television contestants who seems to always be doing well, even though it is obvious that they are de aling with an eating disorder problem. Clearly, reality television shows promote the drive and motivation among our society to be thin, while simultaneously reinforcing the eating disorder problem by ignoring it. In addition to increasing eating disorders, reality television shows increase the desire to undergo cosmetic surgical procedures among society by motivating viewers to pursue cosmetic enhancements and creating moral justifications for plastic surgery. 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Impact of Globalization on Value Chain Globalization

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Globalization on Value Chain Globalization. Answer: Introduction To many managers, the term globalization has always elicited mixed reactions relating to anxiety and fear. Globalization has formed dynamism in the market which has precipitated high degrees of efficiency, the new model of competition, and need for highly qualified expertise in the supply chain management. Through globalization, various competitors with efficient supply chains from developing economies have entered the world market and decided to compete with already-established global market leaders in the supply chain. Value chain and globalization are interrelated concepts which play a significant role towards organizational prosperity. Through economic liberalization, companies have been able to access new markets, cost-effective raw material, and skilled human resources. A firm which needs to extend its operations to a global scale needs to observe various aspects. The elements include political, economic, social, and technological considerations. Value chain involves all activi ties required in designing the product, production, product marketing, and distribution. In this paper, I am going to explore the way globalization has affected value putting into consideration various aspects such as financial, human resource, technology, competitive advantage, corporate social responsibility, political, and cultural issues. Globalization has created a wider market for companies with various forms of competitive advantages. Countries such as China have established various companies in countries where the cost of labor is low. With world-class machines, China economy has improved significantly due to the establishment of markets in different nations where consumers can quickly acquire the goods and services easily and at a dear price. To the value chain, taking the competitive advantage of low cost has not only led to lower commodity prices but also it has made the goods and services to be near the customers. Efficient logistics ranging from cheap and efficient means of transport has increased the outsourcing activities for the companies. Cost-effective means of transport has facilitated the transport of raw materials from the countries where their cost is low. (Frick Laugen, 2012, p.276). This has, in turn, led to lower production costs for the firms. Lower cost of production has resulted in low prices. Additionally, effective logistic means has also given the buyers various buying alternatives. Consumers can outsource the goods and services from the economies where they feel the price is low. Economic globalization has also enhanced the marketing scope for various companies which possess it as an added competitive advantage. Organizations with global products such as Sony, Samsung, Mercedes-Benz, and Toyota have engaged in aggressive marketing in various countries as a form of promoting their goods. This world marketing has led to multiple benefits both to the consumers and the sellers. To the sellers, the strategy has made it easy for the companies to launch a product in various economies within a very short period. Marketing has led to the increase in sales revenue, tax savings and access to finance. (Naghi Para, 2013, p. 168-169). Additionally, product marketing has helped to reduce the operational costs due to the product's unique name. To the consumers, it has led to quality improvement, lower cost, and the variety of choice. About financial consideration, globalization has led to increase in sales revenues and decrease in expenses in the supply chain. Unlike old days when businesses used to focus on internal logistics, nowadays through economic globalization organizations have come up with ways of eliminating every type of risk and increase revenue through the creation of relationships across the globe. One of the strategies which many companies have adopted is the integration of the customers and the suppliers. This game plan has considerably led to a sound financial performance for various firms. It is important to keep in mind that company expenses cover 30% to 40% of most companies' sales while 20% to 30% goes to the profit. (Trunick, 2011, par.5). The goal of many financial managers is to find ways of either turn around the 20% to 30% or eliminate the 30% to 40%. Creating an efficient integration between the suppliers and the consumers has become the core strategy of various supply chain managers. I t has to the attention of many organizations that the only to reduce financial expenses and increase revenues is through creating a proper value chain. Economic globalization has opened avenues for various companies to increase their revenues through the concept of vendor-managed inventory (VMI). VMI is a business model which aims to enhance the value chain by making sure that the consumer has continuous flow of products. The manufacturer and the supply share information regarding the supply quantity and the time of supply. With VMI the producer can track the stock level and identify the right time for replenishment. Through VMI, commodity manufacturers have been able to increase the amount of sales and minimize expenses such as waiting costs. The producers are now able to link with distributors in various parts of the world, and this has helped to only increase the sales, but also increase the product marketing. Global technological changes across different firms in the world have improved the whole concept of value chain. With high levels of competition exhibited within the businesses operating in the supply chain, technology has been seen as an integral part of value chain. Technology has enabled the supply chain managers to improve their perception of physical operations. Information technology has assisted the organizations to gather data regarding the value chain. This information collected has, in turn, helped the managers in faster planning, implementation, and evaluation. (Marinagi, Trivellas, Sakas, 2014, p.588). Also, technology has played a great role in providing crucial information about all the customers, suppliers, and competitors around the world. This has helped to boost the managers' perception on the organization's value chain. Firms with established infrastructure on IT have taken a more advanced route by running parallel value adding process through virtual teams. This creation of a parallel virtual value chain is meant to improve the capability of the physical value chain. With the help of globalization, virtual members of the team can communicate effectively through communication channels such as teleconferencing and CAD (computer aided design). Using virtual value chain (VVC) has improved the speed, flexibility, and lower cost of operations. Apart from improving the level of services, IT has enhanced the extraction of the value from the customers. Extraction of value has been fostered by the creation the of relationship with consumers in the virtual world through the internet. To the customers, global technology has facilitated better decision-making regarding which product to buy. Customers can search for details concerning a particular a product and compare it with various products to come up with the best decision regarding the best commodity to buy. Apart from getting the variety of products, searching the information concerning the product reduces the cost of research. Nowadays customers can negotiate for prices online without physically visitin g the premises. Globalization has also enhanced the operations of value chain through human resource management. Through economic globalization, developed countries have been able to acquire skilled labor from developing countries. Human resource is an underlying asset towards value chain, and most companies have realized their importance. Various companies nowadays have widened their scope when it comes to recruitment of new staff. Multinational companies (MNC) with services and goods across have embarked on the serious hiring of skilled labor especially from developing economies due to low costs involved. Having a pool of skilled labor has always acted as a competitive advantage to the company since it can execute most of the operations efficiently. (Hahn, 2013, p.40-45). With sudden shift in demand for certain types of personnel, most HR managers have decided to find ways of retaining or sourcing the tops talents. Retaining prolific talent has forced the organizations to adopt various strategies such better salary package and motivation especially for those employees who meet specific goals. Also, liberalization has changed the way organizations perform the recruitment process. Nowadays companies have increased the scope of employment opportunities by allowing individuals from various countries to apply for the positions advertised. This is meant to open more avenues to get best people who will come with ways of improving the value chain. Due to the shortage of particular talents in developed countries, organizations in such countries through globalization have been able to hire the required skills from developing economies at a lower cost. To the developing economies, this practice of brain drain has significantly affected the economic prosperity of the developing country. For example, the amount of young professionals in developing economies such as China is expanding at an average rate of 5 .5% annually which is more than five times the number of professionals emerging from developed economies such as Germany, India, and USA. It is approximated that the number of graduates from low-income economies has surpassed that of the high-income economy. Globalization has led to cultural diversity which in turn has facilitated easy distribution of goods and services to areas where they were available before. Take for example McDonalds and Coca-cola Companies which are found close to every country in the world. Cultural diversity has helped to eliminate cultural barriers between communities. Understanding other people's culture has helped organizations in defining consumer segmentation. Knowing other people's culture has helped the managers to identify the particular type of commodity, features, quality, and size which are required in a certain type of the company's market. This has helped to increase the level of sales and reduction of losses within the value chain. To the workforce, liberalization has brought in different personnel from various segments of the world. Employing people from diverse cultures regarding race, religion, language, ethnicity, and nationality has enabled management to sell its products, increase its consumer base or even set up branches in those areas. Additionally, it has helped to enhance the spirit of creativity and innovation. This has helped the firm to come up with better ways to improve their product and minimize losses. It has also played a prominent role towards decision-making process. When people from different cultures are put together to solve, we are likely to obtain a most formidable solution due to diverse perspective towards a problem. A study conducted by Al-Jenaibi (2011, p.49-81) in various companies in UAE showed most employees preferred to operate in the culturally diverse environment for the purpose of improving team performance. On the other hand, cultural diversity in the workforce has negatively affected the performance of certain employees due to due to resistance to change and the tendency to engage in interpersonal disagreements. Placing culturally different employees in a team has been seen to affect the performance of the whole team due to deep-level incongruence that exists between the members. This phenomenon has forced management to come up with new policies regarding what is expected each employee and the importance of cooperation. Political instability due to regime change and violence in the community has become one of the most threats especially to the organizations which engage in the global supply of goods and services. Ukraine and Syria is one of the countries which have become the victims of political unrest. As a result, companies with global supplies to such have shifted their operations from such areas while others are on high alert ready to evacuate in case the crisis continues. More than 620 Germany firms with business operations in Ukraine have stopped the delivery of goods and services while others such as Astras have reported a more than 20% worker turnover. This political reverberation has been felt by the global companies which supply goods and services and those which acquire raw materials from such countries. Political and economic tension has also been observed between two world-class economies of China and Japan. The two economies have been on the wrangle for several years by now over the ownership of an island located in the east of Chain Sea. This political dispute has spilled over to the economic relations between the two nations. As a result, there has been massive decrease in the number of supplies especially those which come from Japan. (Ferrari, 2012, par.1-4). Toyota Company being one of the biggest manufacturers of automotive has reported a decrease in the sales of its products in China. In fact, the firm has opted to eliminate the supply of various models such Lexus due to reduced sales revenues. Other companies such as Nissan, Mazda, and Honda have reported flat sales in China due to political disagreements between the two economies. On the other hand, good political relationship between countries such the UK and the United States has led to massive development and value supp ly especially when it comes to automobiles. For multinational corporations taking part in global supply, economic liberalization not only just brings more benefits and opportunities for multinational companies, it additionally makes the MNCs adjust to the changing economic environment and acknowledge the business-related difficulties at the global level, industrial and different levels. CSR has been considered as a standout amongst the most critical viewpoints facing organizations in the value chain. Nowadays global companies have chosen to include, ethical, social, and moral issues during decision-making process regarding the business operations and strategies. Globalization has advanced the development of corporate social responsibility everywhere throughout the world. In one hand, globalization additionally has made organizations and public see the way negative results, for example, the increase in income inequality, the abuse of work, and environmental pollution can contrarily influence their supply chain. Companies engaging in international business are not only held responsible for labor and environmental practices in their home country. (Information Resources Management Association, 2013, p.1560). They are also expected to observe all regulations when dealing employees, suppliers, and the environment. There has been pressure to the MNCs from external and internal stakeholders such as workers unions, customers, NGOs, and government concerning the offshore operations of international companies. This pressure has forced the firms to come up with a code of conduct which will adhere both to the buyer company and the supplier. The behavior specifies the rules regarding how the organization should conserve the environment and its contribution to the society. (Anderson Larsen, 2009, p.78). Companies which have been able to observe the environmental regulations have been able to attract more consumers. Consumers are more likely to purchase from firms which follow environmental laws. Treatin g employees fairly through equity payment also enabled international companies to flourish in their supply chain hence increasing the revenues. Workers are likely to deliver their best if they are treated equally and paid equitably. Conclusion We can conclude that good performance of organizational value chain depends on various factors which lie under globalization. Through globalization, countries with shortage of skilled labor have been able to source quality workforce from developing nations. This acquisition of labor has helped the organization to increase diversity in the workforce which has resulted in creativity and innovation. Technology is also another aspect which has boosted the sales for MNCs. Customers have been able to access information about particular commodity by just click of a mouse. This has enhanced the consumer's decision-making process. To the business, the internet has enabled them to increase the level of sales and lower the expenses. Stringent environmental and labor laws also have transformed the way companies conduct their business. References Al-Jenaibi, B. 2011. The scope and impact of workplace diversity in the United Arab Emirates an initial study. Journal for Communication and Culture. Anderson M. Larsen T. S. 2009. Corporate social responsibility in global supply chains. [Online]. Available from: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.464.4438rep=rep1type=pdf [Accessed December 16, 2016]. Ferrari B. 2012. The Political Dimension of Supply Chain Disruption and Risk. [Online]. Available from: https://www.theferrarigroup.com/supply-chain-matters/2012/10/16/the-political-dimension-of-supply-chain-disruption-and-risk/ [Accessed December 16, 2016]. Frick J. Laugen B. T. 2012. Advances in Production Management Systems. Value Networks: Innovation, Technologies, and Management IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2011, Stavanger, Norway, September 26-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hahn C. 2013. Impact of Globalization On Labor Market. [Online]. Available from: https://www.eria.org/RPR-FY2012-04.pdf. [Accessed December 15, 2016]. Information Resources Management Association. 2013.Supply chain management: concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey, Pa, IGI Global (701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Hershey, Pennsylvania, 17033, USA). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=498637. Marinagi C., Trivellas P., Sakas D. P. 2014. The Impact of Information Technology on the Development of Supply Chain Competitive Advantage. ScienceDirect. [Online]. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042814040804 [Accessed December 15, 2016]. Naghi R. I. Para I. 2013. The Effects of Globalization on Marketing. Journal of Business Review. [Online]. Available from: dl6.globalstf.org/index.php/gbr/article/download/1285/1301. [Accessed December 15, 2016]. Trunick P. A. 2011. Innovative supply chain management delivers financial benefits to your bottom line. [Online]. Available from: https://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/finance-and-the-supply-chain-show-me-the-money/ [Accessed December 15, 2016].

Stay (performance at the Grammys) by Rihanna free essay sample

Rihanna Stuns at the Grammys With a dress code issued by CBS the night before the Grammys on February 9th 2013, many were wary of what Rihanna would be wearing (or lack thereof). Deemed â€Å"the poster child for bad choices† by Rolling Stone magazine; she has always been the center of controversy in regards to both her personal and professional life. Recently causing public outrage for rekindling a romance with Chris Brown after their relationship had suffered a violent altercation. Rihanna was brutally beaten by Chris Brown four years prior on the eve of â€Å"music’s biggest night†. The twenty four year old performer is criticized for being overtly sexual in terms of fashion choices, shameless glorification of marijuana and the content of her song lyrics (Eells 32). Case in point her popular single SM details her personal preferences of fetishes. It’s safe to say the audience was expecting an R rated performance by the Barbadian native, but Rihanna stun ned the audience in a surprising non-offensive manner. We will write a custom essay sample on Stay (performance at the Grammys) by Rihanna or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In what appeared to be a demure version of the singer, Rihanna was dressed in a form fitting black Alaia dress complimented with sultry red lips. She had heavily watered down her sex appeal for the night, garnering even more attention. One would say this was a conservative look for the normally scantily clad performer. Supplementary visual aids such as dancers, pyrotechnics and background singers were absent from the backdrop for of the performance. With a deserted black stage all eyes were on Rihanna. The music from the live band is haunting, but not over powering as the pianist plays the instrumentals of the gentle ballad Stay. Rihanna begins to sing and the audience grows quiet. Stay is an emotional final plea to once former lover Chris Brown. (Brown was in the audience and attended the event with Rihanna by his side.) While performing she seems over flooded by emotion when she sings; â€Å"Ohhh the reason I hold on, ohhh cause I need this hole gone. Funny youre the broken one but Im the only one who needed saving.?Cause when you never see the lights its hard to know which one of us is caving† (Stay). The lyrics were autobiographical acknowledging her inability to stay away from Chris Brown, as well as the public’s opinion of the two. Displayed in a distorted manner portrayal by the media, their relationship has suffered heavy public disproval. Often Rihanna is portrayed as a victim of Chris Brown’s manipulation and abuse, unable to escape his antics. It is a claim that she firmly denies, although she admits to the turbulent relationship the two have shared with â€Å"Round and around and around and around we go† (Stay). During the performance it seemed as if Rihanna’s plea was not solely directed at Chris Brown alone but the naysayers as well. The genuine emotion exuded from Rihanna seemed to have silenced the criticism and presence of heavy judgment in the air. Often during the performance of the song she seems to wince in pan, further adding to the audience’s awareness of the emotional significance of the song. Lyrical content was not the only element that contributed to the strength of Rihanna’s performance. The body language of the performer was a far cry from the Rihanna we are familiar with. A vulnerable version of Rihanna had surfaced sans suggestive choreography. The artist was reserved, avoiding eye contact with the camera and audience by shutting her eyes for the most part. Occasionally she was caught wrapping her arms around herself in a protective manner. Perhaps it hinted Rihanna’s discomfort with appearing vulnerable, which she had expressed in interviews (Rihanna). As she continued to belt out the lyrics to the ballad, Rihanna seemed clouded by the thoughts of her love troubles. The audience appeared entranced by the songstress, intrigued by her new demure persona. Seeming very self aware Rihanna constantly adjusts her hair and smoothes the fabric of her dress, adding an element of realism to the performance. Had Rihanna sung with her typical confident demeanor, the performance would have seemed over rehearsed and insincere. The song needed to be delivered with honest, raw and unfiltered emotion in order to resonate with the audience, which was a requirement Rihanna fulfilled. The intent of the performance was made very clear. Rihanna expresses the emptiness she felt when she was torn away from Chris Brown, although the public was content with the decision she suffered a great emotional loss in his absence. Stay was an unapologetic proclamation of her adoration for Brown to the world. Rihanna expressed her indifference to the public backlash and repercussions for her relationship. Rather than express her frustration with critique via twitter rants (Rihanna), she took a passive aggressive approach to silence her critics. The performance was also a personal request to Brown, insisting that they stay together and work out their issues. Rihanna’s Grammy performance highly contrasted the performance of pop music icon Beyonce at the Super bowl half-time show a week earlier. Knowles is celebrated in the music industry for her talent as an all around performer and scandal free image. Sharing a successful private marriage with music mogul Jay-Z, People magazine’s current â€Å"Most Beautiful Woman in the World† is beloved on a global level. Donning a lacy black leather mini dress, Beyonce delivered her twelve-minute half-time show with back-up dancers, pyrotechnics, a brief reunion with Destiny’s Child and upbeat dancing (Arnold 2013). Knowles’s performance left the audience speechless of her sheer perfection, while Rihanna’s performance was confessional and aired out her flaws. Sure, we all wanted to be Beyonce and bask in her glory at the Super bowl, but our hearts were tenderized by Rihanna’s vulnerability. Rihanna’s rendition of Stay was by far one of her best performances to date. The songstress proves that she does not require skimpy ensembles to secure the audience’s attention. All she needs is a stage and a microphone. Works Cited Arnold, Chuck. Beyonces Halftime Performance Was Divalicious Hooftastic. People. People magazine, 4 Feb. 2013. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. . Eells, Josh. Relentless pop juggernaut or poster child for bad choices?† Rolling Stone 14 Feb. 2013. Print. Stay. Perf. Rihanna, Mikky Ekko. Staples Centre, California. 9 Feb. 2013. Performance. Rihanna. Oprah’s Next Chapter. Oprah Winfrey Network. Chicago.16 Aug. 2012. Television. Fenty, Robyn. â€Å"SM† Loud. Def Jam, 2010. CD.

Antonymy - Definition and Examples in English

Antonymy s in English The semantic qualities or sense relations that exist between words (lexemes) with opposite meanings in certain contexts (i.e., antonyms). Plural antonymies. Contrast with synonymy. The term antonymy was introduced by C.J. Smith in his book Synonyms and Antonyms (1867). Pronunciation:Â  an-TON-eh-me Observations Antonymy is a key feature of everyday life. Should further evidence be required, try visiting a public lavatory without checking which is the gents and which is the ladies. On your way out, ignore the instructions which tell you whether to push or pull the door. And once outside, pay no attention to whether traffic lights are telling you to stop or go. At best, you will end up looking very foolish; at worst, you will end up dead. Antonymy holds a place in society which other sense relations simply do not occupy. Whether or not there exists a general human tendency to categorize experience in terms of dichotomous contrast ([John] Lyons 1977: 277) is not easily gauged, but, either way, our exposure to antonymy is immeasurable: we memorise opposites in childhood, encounter them throughout our daily lives, and possibly even use antonymy as a cognitive device to organise human experience. (Steven Jones, Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective. Routledge, 2002) Antonymy and Synonymy For the better-known European languages at least, there are a number of dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms available, which are frequently used by writers and students to extend their vocabulary and achieve a greater variety of style. The fact that such special dictionaries are found useful in practice is an indication that words can be more or less satisfactorily grouped into sets of synonyms and antonyms. There are two points that should be stressed, however, in this connexion. First, synonymy and antonymy are semantic relations of a very different logical nature: oppositeness of meaning (love:hate, hot:cold, etc.) is not simply the extreme case of difference of meaning. Second, a number of distinctions have to be drawn within the traditional concept of antonymy: dictionaries of antonyms are only successful in practice to the degree that their users draw these distinctions (for the most part unreflectingly). (John Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge Univers ity Press, 1968) Antonymy and Word Classes Oppositeness . . . has an important role in structuring the vocabulary of English. This is especially so in the adjective word class, where a good many words occur in antonymous pairs: e.g. long-short, wide-narrow, new-old, rough-smooth, light-dark, straight-crooked, deep-shallow, fast-slow. While antonymy is typically found among adjectives it is not restricted to this word class: bring-take (verbs), death-life (nouns), noisily-quietly (adverbs), above-below (prepositions), after-before (conjunctions or prepositions). . . . English can also derive antonyms by means of prefixes and suffixes. Negative prefixes such as dis-, un- or in- may derive an antonym from the positive root, e.g. dishonest, unsympathetic, infertile. Compare also: encourage-discourage but entangle-disentangle, increase-decrease, include-exclude. (Howard Jackson and Etienne ZÃ © Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2000) Canonical Opposites [W]hile antonymy is variable (i.e., context dependent), particular antonym pairs are often canonical in that they are known without reference to context. . . . For example, the color senses of black and white are opposed and so are their racial senses and their good/evil senses as in white magic and black magic. Canonicity of antonym relations also plays a role in context-specific antonymy. As Lehrer (2002) notes, if a frequent or basic sense of a word is in a semantic relation with another word, that relation can be extended to other senses of the word. For example, the basic temperature sense of hot contrasts with cold. While cold does not usually mean legally acquired, it can have that meaning when contrasted (with enough context) with hot in its stolen sense, as in (9). He traded in his hot car for a cold one. (Lehrer 2002) For readers to understand the intended sense of cold in (9), they must know that cold is the usual antonym of hot. Next they must deduce that if cold is the antonym of hot, then no matter what hot is used to mean in this context, cold means the opposite thing. The stability of some such antonym pairs across senses and contexts is evidence that those antonymic pairings are canonical. (M. Lynne Murphy, Semantic Relations and the Lexicon. Cambridge University Press, 2003) Antonymy and Word-Association Testing If a stimulus has a common opposite (an antonym), it will always elicit that opposite more often than anything else. These responses are the most frequent found anywhere in word association. (H.H. Clark, Word Associations and Linguistic Theory. New Horizons in Linguistics, ed. by J. Lyons. Penguin, 1970) See Also AntithesisVocabulary Builder #1: AntonymsWriters on Writing: Ten Tips for Finding the Right Words

Women in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Sports - Essay Example Women participation in sports/Olympics Considering the historical background of women participation in the Olympics, it is obvious that women have enjoyed nominal representation in ancient games. As Barbara L. Drinkwater comments; â€Å"Although the modern Olympic Games actually began in 1896, women were not permitted to participate† (Drinkwater & Inthe international Federation of Sports Medicine xi). Research professionals consider Amsterdam Olympics as a special one. This Olympics achieved international attention because of its women representation. In this game, a female participant had won the gold medal in Olympics history. Betty Robinson Schwartz is considered as the first female gold winner in the Olympics. In the Amsterdam Olympics, she created a new history in track and field (Zabell). Women fol,k have faced severe discrimination from the part of authorities and male community. Historical studies prove that the patriarchal society never ready to keep the achievements of women in the Olympics and other ceremonies. In 396 B.C. Olympics, Kyniska, a Spartan princess, won an Olympic chariot race, but she is banned from accumulating her prize in person (Anthony & suffragist). The problem of social attitude towards women part he participated in some sports items contributes supplementary causes for poor female representation. In the case of boxing, it is clear that the game requires a higher level of physical fitness and it is more stereotypically supposed for men. Boxing constitutes a psychological as well a physiological pace in which tension and emotional frustrations the can be revealed through the use of ropes and corners posts (Scott & Conover 40). Lack of opportunities for women in participating sports programs plays a vital role in the process of lowering women participation in sports and games.â€Å"Furthermore, in many countries, women have scarcely any opportunity of taking a sport in their leisure time† (Drinkwater & International Fe deration of Sports Medicine 17). Another important thing is that society always treats the woman as secondary to man. People never ready to admit to women participation in sports. Female’s sports participation turns down more speedily with age than does that of male, and is more vulnerable to the impact of family and domestic reasons sibilities than men (Houlihan 92). Considerable changes have been remarked in the field of women participation in the Olympics. A kind of gradual development in female participation in sports events and other physical activities. In 1900 Parris Olympics two items were included for women. The period from 1976 t0 88 was recorded by active women representation in sports and games (Lam & Chang 153). After that International Olympic Council (IOC) revived its manual and ensures active female representation in sports and games without gender discrimination.

Obamas budget plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obamas budget plan - Essay Example Obama’s budget indicates that the country’s deficit will increase this year to its highest post-World War II level, and then gradually decrease over the decade. The article indicates, however, that it will remain at ‘troublesome levels’. Obama argues that his budget will save over $1 trillion by ending the previous administration’s tax cuts and by enacting a three year spending freeze. (the spending freeze won’t include spending on health programs, national security, and veteran’s programs) However, the article indicates that the savings are only, â€Å"one-fifth of the size of the debt that will pile up from now to 2020.† Major areas of change will occur in tax cuts. Large budget spending on military equipment will be supplanted by spending on education and civilian research. Taxes among oil companies and affluent citizens will rise. Small businesses, however, will see large amounts of tax reductions over the next decade. Spending will continue on the proposed health care system and energy infrastructure.. Food and drug research and biomedical technology will also receive increased funding. While NASA’s budget will be further reduced, spending on science will rise as the National Science Foundation will receive, â€Å"$7.4 billion, a nearly 8 percent increase from the budget last year.† While Republicans criticize Obama for the rising levels of debt, he argues that his administration will still maintain its goal of reducing the deficit in half before the end of his term in office. The article indicates that spending will necessarily rise as towards the end of the decade with large amounts of retiring baby boomers. Increasing health costs are greatly centered around the Department of Health and Human Services, and the National Institute of Health, both of which are receiving multi-billion dollar increases in funding. The article contends that a number of Obama’s proposed spending cuts may be difficult to enact in

Personal Quality Essay Example for Free

Personal Quality Essay When there seems the world is all against one, when it seems efforts are not yielding as expected and there is rather no companion to encourage and carry on with a task at hand, a residual doggedness and resilience becomes the most important personal tools necessary to fuel the battle to success. My standard is beyond meeting average, average is rather a stepping stone to my destiny; it is no point to rest laurel and celebrate. We live in a competitive world, as such; it becomes a persona to keep fit with the survival strategy to achieve remarkable impact amidst brilliant minds. Determination is the backbone or central to the passion sustaining my resilience and doggedness when involve in a task. I have got the lots to ensure a living beyond mediocrity. In my understanding, I see no one ever oozing his way out of mediocrity like a lazy slug. Everyone I know who models a high level of excellence has won the battle of the mind and taken the right captivating thoughts. However, with risks, the individuals have chosen to fill the role of an active pen flowing with ink rather than a passive blotter that only sits and soaks what others do; they have decided to get personally involved with life rather than sitting back, frowning and watching life dwindling to a trickle and ultimately stagnating. The power of their mind expounds the basis for determination leading to the evident doggedness and resilience on the path of success. Secondly I cherish team spirit. This is one of the leading qualities of a real-time organization or researching team in institution. A contributing skill requires excellent team spirit at work without lackadaisical attitude to one’s assigned role in a cooperative academic work. The difficulty I have faced when i arrived in this country was language understanding but my intellectual curiosity and personal talent have helped me overcome that barrier tremendously. My personal achievement helped me to discover a sense of individuality and to envision the contributions I might make it to UC Universities. Furthermore, the difficulty i faced when my father was diagnosed with cancer was equally developing after all. Unfortunately i had to work and go to school at the same time that was when my GPA had dropped a bit. But this accomplishment had me persistent to work harder in school and also had me mentally tougher to face the unpredictable challenges in school and life. Now I know that life is not constant and doesn’t stay in one situation for ever. With the excellent involvement in Hospital voluntary groups for two years, I have realized now that I have to take more responsibility in life in order for me to achieve my goal. I have always dreamt of being a doctor and there I strongly believe nothing can stop me from achieving this goal. This has been my life long dream. These experiences in life have helped me grow, learn and emerged my high level of maturity.

Elizabeth Gaskells Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance :: Elizabeth Gaskell Ruth Essays

Elizabeth Gaskell's Ruth as a Victim of Circumstance When her parents die when she is still very young, innocent Ruth Hilton is sent to the city by the guardian she does not know. In the city she is to learn the trade very common for young girls during this time, that of the seamstress (Ugoretz), but events take a drastic turn when she becomes noble Mr Bellingham's mistress. Only 16 years old, Ruth is thrown into the for her unknown adult world and in this world, she cannot separate right from wrong and is thus considered to be a sinner. However, life is never simple and straightforward and in this essay, I discuss the moral aspects of the novel to decide if Ruth really is a bad person. What do we know about Ruth? Well, she seems to be very innocent and not at all aware of Bellingham's intentions, maybe due to the fact that she was left an orphan at such early an age. Like in most literature of this era, descriptions of sexuality are left out and the only way we find out that Ruth and Bellingham have a sexual relationship (although of course we guess that this is the case) is when we are told that Ruth is pregnant, but we are never told whether she knows how this baby was conceived. My guess is that she had never been told about sexuality and knew little about marriage, else a religious and piteous girl like her would never have been this blind to what she was doing. She knows that her relationship with Bellingham make other people talk, but she does not seem to understand why. She could not have known how wrong it was and that this really is the case is confirmed by Ruth herself: "I was very young; I did not know how such a life was against God's pure and holy will - at least not as I know it now" (p 246). When she learns that she is expecting a child, her only wish is to make this child grow up to be good and religious. She promises God that she will try only to do good deeds to make up for her sins, a promise she keeps during the rest of her life. The real hero in this novel is the Dissenter minister Mr Benson, who feels for Ruth and wants to protect her.

Crime and Individual Choice Essay

Crime is a common phenomenon. Huge investments of any government go towards the containment and apprehension of crime offenders. The more crime acquires various forms and becomes prevalent, the more studies and theories are brought out to analyze the causes and motivations. A look at Australia in the recent past indicates public outcry over increased incidences of crime, although incidences of organized crime are becoming rare, the same cannot be said of petty thefts. Criminologists have over the years stepped up their efforts in examining the motivations of crime. This is an issue that sparks controversy as some sociologists blame it on the society, pointing out that it is the prevalent circumstances in the society that are behind crime. In the light of this row, this paper maintains that crime is as a result of individual choices rather that the prevalent social circumstances. A study of the possible causes of crime is core to understanding crime, the information generated is crucial as afar as government’s response and approaches to fighting crime is concerned. A dearth of information on such a common problem means that law enforcement agencies spend valuable resources and time on addressing the symptoms rather than the causes. It is this fact that motivates criminologists to dig out the real causes of crime. Economists traditionally have not been involved in the analysis of crime, the issue of causes and prevention was seen as being outside the realm of economics. It was seen as a preserve of sociologists and criminologists. This however changed in the late 1960s when economists brought in an argument that represented a radical paradigm shift from afore recognized sociological and criminological theories. They deviated from the societal foundations of the motivation of crime to a more individualized approach. A good theory of crime according to Becker (1968) has to â€Å"dispense with special theories of anomie, psychological inadequacies or inheritance of special traits and simply extend the economist’s usual analysis of choice. † The economic theory of crime focuses on the aspect of an individual’s rational choice as the key motivation behind crime. This is a theory that is based on the assumption that each and every individual engages in crime in their bid to increase their utility. Crime should be regarded as a venture; it is an enterprise which an individual engages in with an intention of gaining something just like in business. This hence means that any one can become a criminal, there is no particular group that is inherently criminal, it is just that people tend to move in and out of crime when there is an opportunity and there are ample conditions for a crime. Just like in business ventures, a potential criminal takes time to plan his activities and also makes decision in regard to the amount of time to be appropriated in each activity so as to maximize the gains. In making a decision of whether or not to engage in crime, an individual takes into account all the possible benefits and also the likely costs. People engage in criminal activities not because they have some natural or psychological motivations but because they have amply taken into consideration the perceived benefits and costs. This means that a certain crime will not be committed if the costs exceed the benefits. In such a case hence it is possible to see a particular crime being the most preferred in comparison to another due to the net benefits associated with that crime. Indeed crime is driven by the resultant benefits and decreased if the punishment meted out is harsh in comparison to the crime. According to the economic theory, â€Å"an increase in the probability and/or severity of punishment (representing costs of criminal behavior) will reduce the potential criminal’s participation in illegitimate activities. † (Philip & Cameron) This is what motivates the deterrence theory. It is important to point out that the issue of costs and benefits must be carefully analyzed, the cost does not only revolve around the aspect of incarceration but also encompasses the social cost, this applies even to the perceived benefits. A rational individual wishing to engage in crime hence puts into consideration all these factors and weighs his options, his decision and choice is influenced by the resultant weight, either towards the benefits or towards the costs. If the costs outweigh the benefits, the individuals is unlikely to engage in the crime; the vice versa is also true (Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990). The Rational Choice Theory, on which the economics theory is founded, is derived from the utilitarian belief that indeed human beings are rational; their decisions are independently influenced by the factors of costs and benefits. In the propagation of this theory, several assumptions are made. There is the assumption that people are driven by utility; they are motivated by the urge to increase their happiness which mostly is in terms of wealth. they also are supposed to have goals and they pick the choice that enables them to accomplish such goals. The theory of rational choice can be traced to the early works of Cesare Beccaria who set out to explain crime using the enlightment ideas. According to Cessare, â€Å"people want to experience pleasure and avoid pain, and while criminal acts can bring pleasure of various sorts, possible punishment can bring pain. † (Laura, 2007, 231) This is a theory that has immensely been used in the justice system; it is based on the thinking that for crime to be prevented, punishment must outweigh the benefits of the crime. This is because if the pain is less than the benefits, then there is no motivation to quit crime. Bentham also was in agreement over the aspect of crime boiling down to individual choice, and influenced by the perceived benefits. He noted that â€Å"the profit of the crime is the force which urges a man to delinquency. The pain of the punishment is the force employed to restrain him from it. If the first of these forces is greater, the crime will be committed; if the second, the crime will not be committed. † (Cited in Maurice, 1993, 311) An important aspect that has to be looked at is why some people or groups show a higher prevalence to crime. Indeed, people can not have a similar response to crime. This is so as people have individual differences that affect their preferences. There are those that may prefer honesty, have a higher income and hence value their reputation. The perceived gains and costs are also regarded differently. The prospects of experiencing a certain level of pain might be motivating enough to some people to avoid crime. The decision to engage in one sort of crime and avoid others also follows a similar pattern. It is influenced by opportunity, available information, costs and benefits (Loftin, & McDowell, 1982). The view that crime is influenced by rational individual choices has most often than not been put into disrepute by a flurry of other available studies done on the subject. A majority of the existing studies are influenced by the social conditions and environment rather than the individual choice. One of the existing schools of thought that points at the relationship between social factors and crime is the positivist school of thought. According to this thinking, crime and criminality is influence by internal and external factors that are beyond the control of an individual. The answer to criminality lies in the biological, psychological and social foundations. Those that propagate the thinking that crime can be explained by physiological factors do it on the basis that those individuals that have a higher affinity towards crime tend to have some specific physiological traits. This thinking influenced the thought that crime is a natural trait and hence cannot be individually controlled. Some individuals are born criminals and they cannot change this. It is this argument of inherent criminality that was used to fuel the arguments behind the abolishment of capital punishment, on the basis that criminals were being punished for things they had no control on. There is also the thinking that crime can be closely linked to neuroticism and psychotism. In this, crime is seen as a mental disease where the criminal develops a psychotic compulsion to engage in crime. The prevalent theory that challenges the aspect of individual choice in crime is the sociological positivism. This is a theory that traces crime to societal factors such as poverty, subcultures and lack of education. The social disorganization theory for example has been able to establish a positive link between the collapse of important social institutions and crime. The society is held together by institutions such as religion and also the justice system. The collapse of these core institutions contributes to an increase in crime. Poverty and lack of economic development fuels an increase in crime. As the theory claims, places that are characterized by neighborhoods with high population and failed social structure record high instances of crime compared to others. Poverty leads to social disorder and is characterized by physical evidences of collapsed buildings and deteriorating neighborhoods. This leads to what has been referred to as the deterioration concentration effects. Such neighborhoods attract crime (Maurice, 1993). It is important to observe that social factors can indeed fuel crime. There exist immense studies that have focused on crime and ethnicity and have come to conclude that there are certain social conditions that influence such communities to commit crime. Poverty has been pointed out as one of the leading factor, where people resort to crime as a means of acquiring wealth and prosperity. This however does not mean that the role of an individual in making such a choice diminishes. People are influenced by their own rational choice to engage in crime, in consideration of the existing benefits and costs of such a crime, should the cost override the benefits; then crime is reduced. References Maurice P. F. (1993) The psychology of crime: a social science textbook. Cambridge University Press. Laura L. F. (2007) Encyclopedia of juvenile violence. Greenwood Publishing Group. Brantingham, P. J. & Brantingham, P. L. (1991). Environmental criminology. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. Gottfredson, M. , T. Hirschi (1990). A General Theory of Crime. Stanford University Press. Becker, G. S. (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach. Journal of Political Economy, Loftin, C. and McDowell, D. (1982) The police, crime and economic theory. American. Sociological Review Philip M. B & Cameron M. Crime, punishment and deterrence in Australia: A further empirical investigation. International Journal of Social Economics retrieved on April 28, 2009 from http://www. uq. edu. au/~ecpbodma/ijse. pdf.

Platos Apology And Crito - 1036 Words

In Plato’s â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Crito†, I believe Socrates’ philosophy of not doing harmful things on purpose, because of ignorance, or the act of doing it unwillingly, is false. First I will show you some contradictions introduced in the books of the Apology, and Crito and explain them. Next, I will explain how in the present day Socrates philosophy is false due to the vices of mankind, with evidence from the Apology, then I will show you how Socrates might argue his point and a counter argument in present day, and finally I will conclude that Socrates’ philosophy is an incorrect philosophy and has many holes within it. Socrates explains that he does not believe that people do harm, to each other nor to themselves, on purpose and if so its unwillingly as he says in the Apology, â€Å"What follows, Meletus? Are you so much why is there at your age than I am at mine that you understand that wicked people always do some harm to their closest nei ghbors while good people do them good but I have reached such a pitch of ignorance that I do not realize this, namely that if I make one of my associates wicked I will I run the risk of being harmed by him so that I do such a great evil deliberately as you say?† (Apology 25e) Socrates is explaining to Meletus that a man does not harm another, because ultimately that will lead to harming oneself. The man that was harmed will come back to do damage to his wrongdoer. However, Socrates himself is doing harm to Meletus by calling him a liar, and whenShow MoreRelatedPlatos Apology And Crito Analysis1873 Words   |  8 PagesTensions between moral philosopher and the faithful citizen of the polis are highlighted in Plato’s Apology and Crito. 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